Editing Archaeogenetics (section)

==== Africa ====
Modern humans are thought to have evolved in Africa at least 200 kya (thousand years ago),<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Campbell|first1=Michael C.|last2=Tishkoff|first2=Sarah A.|date=2010-02-23|title=The Evolution of Human Genetic and Phenotypic Variation in Africa|url= |journal=Current Biology|language=en|volume=20|issue=4|pages=R166–73|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2009.11.050|issn=0960-9822|pmid=20178763|pmc=2945812}}</ref> with some evidence suggesting a date of over 300 kya.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Schlebusch|first1=Carina M.|last2=Malmström|first2=Helena|last3=Günther|first3=Torsten|last4=Sjödin|first4=Per|last5=Coutinho|first5=Alexandra|last6=Edlund|first6=Hanna|last7=Munters|first7=Arielle R.|last8=Vicente|first8=Mário|last9=Steyn|first9=Maryna|date=2017-11-03|title=Southern African ancient genomes estimate modern human divergence to 350,000 to 260,000 years ago|journal=Science|language=en|volume=358|issue=6363|pages=652–55|doi=10.1126/science.aao6266|pmid=28971970|issn=0036-8075|doi-access=free|bibcode=2017Sci...358..652S}}</ref> Examination of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), Y-chromosome DNA, and X-chromosome DNA indicate that the earliest population to leave Africa consisted of approximately 1500 males and females.<ref name=":0" /> It has been suggested by various studies that populations were geographically “structured” to some degree prior to the expansion out of Africa; this is suggested by the antiquity of shared mtDNA lineages.<ref name=":0" /> One study of 121 populations from various places throughout the continent found 14 genetic and linguistic “clusters,” suggesting an ancient geographic structure to African populations.<ref name=":0" /> In general, genotypic and phenotypic analysis have shown “large and subdivided throughout much of their evolutionary history.”<ref name=":0" />

Genetic analysis has supported archaeological hypotheses of a large-scale migrations of Bantu speakers into Southern Africa approximately 5 kya.<ref name=":0" /> Microsatellite DNA, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), and insertion/deletion polymorphisms (INDELS) have shown that Nilo-Saharan speaking populations originate from Sudan.<ref name=":0" /> Furthermore, there is genetic evidence that Chad-speaking descendants of Nilo-Saharan speakers migrated from Sudan to Lake Chad about 8 kya.<ref name=":0" /> Genetic evidence has also indicated that non-African populations made significant contributions to the African gene pool.<ref name=":0" /> For example, the Saharan African Beja people have high levels of Middle-Eastern as well as East African Cushitic DNA.<ref name=":0" />