Editing Bangkok (section)

==<span id="Demographics"></span>Demography==
[[File:Bangkok population pyramid.svg|thumb|Bangkok population pyramid, based on 2021 population registry]]
{{Historical populations
|title        = Historical census populations
|percentages  = off
|shading      = 
|width        = 
|subbox       =
|footnote     = 
|source       = National Statistical Office (1919–2000,<ref>{{cite book|title=2010 Thailand Statistical Yearbook|author=Statistical Forecasting Bureau|year=2010|publisher=National Statistical Office|url=http://service.nso.go.th/nso/nsopublish/download/syb_53/SYB53_T.pdf|edition=Special|access-date=18 September 2012|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303205300/http://service.nso.go.th/nso/nsopublish/download/syb_53/SYB53_T.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> 2010<ref name="2010 census 1"/>)
|1919 |437294
|1929 |713384
|1937 |890453
|1947 |1178881
|1960 |2136435
|1970 |3077361
|1980 |4697071
|1990 |5882411
|2000 |6355144
|2010 |8305218
}}

The city of Bangkok has a population of 8,305,218 according to the 2010 census, or 12.6 per cent of the national population,<ref name="2010 census 1"/> while 2020 estimates place the figure at 10.539&nbsp;million (15.3 per cent).<ref name="CIA">{{cite web |title=Thailand |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/thailand/ |website=The World Factbook |publisher=CIA |access-date=26 September 2020 |archive-date=10 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610164345/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/thailand/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Roughly half are internal migrants from other Thai provinces;<ref name="BP-20180715">{{cite news |last1=Wangkiat |first1=Paritta |date=15 July 2018 |title=Strong Cities Needed |work=Bangkok Post |format=in Spectrum |url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/news/special-reports/1503802/strong-cities-needed |access-date=16 July 2018}}</ref> population registry statistics recorded 5,676,648 residents belonging to 2,959,524 households in 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://stat.bora.dopa.go.th/stat/statnew/statTDD/views/showDistrictData.php?rcode=10&statType=1&year=61|title=รายงานสถิติจำนวนประชากรและบ้าน ประจำปี พ.ศ. 2561 (Population and household statistics, 2018)|publisher=Department of Provincial Administration|access-date=26 September 2020|archive-date=4 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004104237/https://stat.bora.dopa.go.th/stat/statnew/statTDD/views/showDistrictData.php?rcode=10&statType=1&year=61|url-status=live}}</ref>{{efn|1=The population registry does not account for most internal migration, thus its figures will underestimate the city's actual population.}} Much of Bangkok's daytime population commutes from surrounding provinces in the Bangkok Metropolitan Region, the total population of which is 14,626,225 (2010 census).<ref name="2010 census 1"/> Bangkok is a cosmopolitan city; the census showed that it is home to 567,120 expatriates from Asian countries (including 71,024 Chinese and 63,069 Japanese nationals), 88,177 from Europe, 32,241 from the Americas, 5,856 from Oceania, and 5,758 from Africa. Migrants from neighbouring countries include 216,528 Burmese, 72,934 Cambodians and 52,498 Lao.<ref name="2010 census 5">{{cite book|title=The 2010 Population and Housing Census: Bangkok|chapter=Table 5 Population by nationality and sex|chapter-url=http://popcensus.nso.go.th/report/Bangkok_T.pdf|publisher=National Statistical Office|access-date=5 January 2019|date=2012|archive-date=13 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190313062155/http://popcensus.nso.go.th/report/Bangkok_T.pdf}}</ref> In 2018, numbers show that there are 370,000 international migrants registered with the Department of Employment, more than half of them migrants from Cambodia, Laos, and Myanmar.<ref name="BP-20180715" />

Following its establishment as the capital city in 1782, Bangkok grew only slightly throughout the 18th and early 19th centuries. British diplomat [[John Crawfurd]], visiting in 1822, estimated its population at no more than 50,000.<ref>{{cite book|first=John|last=Crawfurd|title=Journal of an embassy from the governor-general of India to the courts of Siam and Cochin China; exhibiting a view of the actual state of those kingdoms |year=1830|volume=2|place=London|publisher=H. Colburn and R. Bentley|url=https://archive.org/details/journalanembass03crawgoog|page=[https://archive.org/details/journalanembass03crawgoog/page/n239 215]}}</ref> As a result of Western medicine brought by missionaries as well as increased immigration from both within Siam and overseas, Bangkok's population gradually increased as the city modernized in the late 19th century. This growth became even more pronounced in the 1930s, following the discovery of antibiotics. Although family planning and birth control were introduced in the 1960s, the lowered birth rate was more than offset by increased migration from the provinces as economic expansion accelerated. Only in the 1990s have Bangkok's population growth rates decreased, following the national rate; Thailand had long since become highly centralized around the capital. In 1980, Bangkok's population was fifty-one times that of [[Hat Yai]] and [[Songkhla]], the second-largest urban centre at the time, making it the world's most prominent [[primate city]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=The growth of the population of the world's pre-eminent "primate city": Bangkok at its bicentenary|first=Larry|last=Sternstein|journal=Journal of Southeast Asian Studies|volume=15|issue=1|doi=10.1017/S0022463400012200 |pmid=12266027|date=March 1984|pages=43–68|s2cid=38248222 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Fong|first1=Jack|title=Political Vulnerabilities of a Primate City: The May 2010 Red Shirts Uprising in Bangkok, Thailand.|journal=Journal of Asian and African Studies|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270425419|date=May 2012|volume=48|issue=3|pages=332–347|url-access=subscription |doi=10.1177/0021909612453981|s2cid=145515713}}</ref>
[[File:(2022) ตึกแถวริมถนนเยาวราช เขตสัมพันธวงศ์ กรุงเทพมหานคร (4).jpg|alt=A street during daytime lined with many stalls and shops with a lot of signs bearing Thai and Chinese names|left|thumb|[[Yaowarat Road]], the centre of [[Bangkok's Chinatown]]. Chinese immigrants historically formed the majority of the city's population.]]
The majority of Bangkok's population identify as [[Thai people|Thai]],{{efn|Thai ethnicity is rather a question of cultural identity than of genetic origin.<ref name="Thak">{{Citation |author=Thak Chaloemtiarana |title=Thailand: The Politics of Despotic Paternalism |publisher=Cornell Southeast Asia Program |place=Ithaca, NY |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-8772-7742-2 |pages=245–246}}</ref> Many people in Bangkok who self-identify as Thai have at least some Chinese ancestry.<ref>{{cite book|last=Askew |first=Marc |title=Bangkok: Place, Practice and Representation| year=2004|page= 38|publisher=Routledge |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Bt6FAgAAQBAJ|isbn=978-1-134-65986-9}}</ref>}} although details on the city's ethnic make-up are unavailable, as the national census does not document race.{{efn|An introductory publication by the BMA gives a figure of 80 per cent Thai, 10 per cent Chinese, and 10 per cent other, although this is likely a rough estimate.<ref>Thavisin et al. (eds) 2006, p. 7.</ref>}} Bangkok's cultural pluralism dates back to the early days of its founding: several ethnic communities were formed by immigrants and forced settlers including the [[Khmer people|Khmer]], [[Northern Thai people|northern Thai]], [[Isan people|Lao]], [[Vietnamese people|Vietnamese]], [[Mon people|Mon]] and [[Malays in Thailand|Malay]].<ref name="200 years"/> Most prominent were the Chinese,<!--Cited sources don't mention which variety of Chinese, so commented out for now. [[Teochew people|Teochew]] and other [[Varieties of Chinese|non-Mandarin]] [[Han Chinese|Chinese]]--> who played major roles in the city's trade and became the majority of Bangkok's population—estimates include up to three-fourths in 1828 and almost half in the 1950s.<ref>{{cite book|first=John C.|last=Caldwell|chapter=The Demographic Structure|editor-first=T.H.|editor-last=Silcock|title=Thailand, Social and Economic Studies in Development|place=Canberra|publisher=Australian National University Press|year=1967|pages=29–33}} and {{cite book|first=G. William|last=Skinner|title=Chinese Society in Thailand: An Analytical History|place=Ithaca, NY|publisher=Cornell University Press|year=1957|pages=17–18}} cited in {{cite book|title=The Demography of Bangkok: A case study of differentials between big city and rural populations|first=Sidney|last=Goldstein|date=August 1972|series=Research reports|publisher=Institute of Population Studies, Chulalongkorn University|place=Bangkok|url=http://www.cps.chula.ac.th/pop_info_2551/Image+Data/Publications/Cps_res/Data/RR-No07_Full.pdf|page=32|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130731203525/http://www.cps.chula.ac.th/pop_info_2551/Image+Data/Publications/Cps_res/Data/RR-No07_Full.pdf|archive-date=31 July 2013}}</ref>{{efn|By one recent estimate, at least 60 per cent of the city's residents are of Chinese descent.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/20/realestate/20iht-reshop.4966716.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110729200748/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/20/realestate/20iht-reshop.4966716.html |archive-date=2011-07-29 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Shophouses: Reviving the distinctive face of Bangkok|first=Jennifer|last=Chen|date=20 March 2007|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref>}} Chinese immigration was restricted from the 1930s and effectively ceased after the [[Chinese Communist Revolution]] in 1949.{{cn|date=August 2024}} Their prominence subsequently declined as younger generations of [[Thai Chinese]] integrated and adopted a [[Thai identity]]. Bangkok is still, nevertheless, home to a large Chinese community, with the greatest concentration in [[Yaowarat]], [[Bangkok's Chinatown]].

{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Religion in Bangkok
|label1 = [[Buddhism]]
|value1 = 92.54
|color1 = Yellow
|label2 = [[Islam]]
|value2 = 4.6
|color2 = DarkGreen
|label3 = Christianity
|value3 = 1.89
|color3 = DarkBlue
|label4 = [[Hinduism]]
|value4 = 0.27
|color4 = Orange
|label5 = [[Sikhism]]
|value5 = 0.08
|color5 = DarkKhaki
|label6 = [[Confucianism]]
|value6 = 0.08
|color6 = Red
|label7 = Not Religious and Unknown
|value7 = 0.2
|color7 = Black
|label8 = Other
|value8 = 0.29
|color8 = White
}}
The majority (93 per cent) of the city's population is Buddhist, according to the 2010 census. Other religions include Islam (4.6 per cent), Christianity (1.9 per cent), Hinduism (0.3 per cent), Sikhism (0.1 per cent), and Confucianism (0.1 per cent).<ref name="2010 census 4">{{cite web|title=Table 4 Population by religion, region and area: 2010|url=http://www.nso.go.th/sites/2014/Documents/pop/2553/3/bangkok/Table4.xls|publisher=National Statistics Office|website=National Statistical Office|access-date=1 April 2021|archive-date=29 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220729153605/http://www.nso.go.th/sites/2014/Documents/pop/2553/3/bangkok/Table4.xls|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Apart from Yaowarat, Bangkok also has several other distinct ethnic neighbourhoods. The Indian community is centred in [[Phahurat]], where the Gurdwara Siri Guru Singh Sabha, founded in 1933, is located. [[Ban Khrua]] on Saen Saep Canal is home to descendants of the [[Cham people|Cham]] who settled in the late 18th century. Although the [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] who settled during the Thonburi period have ceased to exist as a distinct community, their past is reflected in [[Santa Cruz Church (Bangkok)|Santa Cruz Church]], on the west bank of the river. Likewise, [[Assumption Cathedral, Bangkok|Assumption Cathedral]] on Charoen Krung Road is among many European-style buildings in the Old [[Farang]] Quarter, where European diplomats and merchants lived in the late 19th to early 20th centuries. Nearby, the Haroon Mosque is the centre of a Muslim community. Newer expatriate communities exist along Sukhumvit Road, including the [[Japanese people in Thailand|Japanese community]] near Soi Phrom Phong and Soi [[Thong Lo]], and the Arab and North African neighbourhood along Soi Nana. Sukhumvit Plaza, a mall on Soi Sukhumvit 12, is popularly known as Koreatown.
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