Editing Bed bug (section)

==Distribution==
{{Main|Epidemiology of bed bugs}}

Bed bugs are found everywhere in the world.<ref name=Heu09>{{cite journal |title=Bed bugs, leeches and hookworm larvae in the skin |pmid=19362691 |year=2009 |vauthors=Heukelbach J, Hengge UR |journal=Clinics in Dermatology |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=285–290 |doi=10.1016/j.clindermatol.2008.10.008}}</ref> Before the 1950s about 30% of houses in the United States had bedbugs;<ref name=Ib2017/> this percentage has fallen, which is believed to be partly due to the use of [[DDT]] to kill cockroaches.<ref name="Nurse09">{{cite journal |vauthors=Krause-Parello CA, Sciscione P |date=April 2009 |title=Bedbugs: an equal opportunist and cosmopolitan creature |journal=J Sch Nurs |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=126–132 |doi=10.1177/1059840509331438 |pmid=19233933 |s2cid=5441148}}</ref> The invention of the [[vacuum cleaner]] and simplification of furniture design may have also played a role in the decrease.<ref name="Nurse09"/> Others believe it might simply be the cyclical nature of the organism.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Xavier Bonnefoy |author2=Helge Kampen |author3=Kevin Sweeney |title=Public Health Significance of Urban Pests |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] |page=131 |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0011/98426/E91435.pdf |access-date=1 December 2016 |archive-date=22 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222111554/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0011/98426/E91435.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{Vague|date={{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}}}

However, rates of infestation in [[developed countries]] have increased dramatically since the 1980s.<ref name="JAMA2009"/><ref name="Kolb2009"/><ref name=Heu09/> This is thought to be due to greater foreign travel; increased immigration from the developing world to the developed world; more frequent exchange of second-hand furnishings among homes; a greater focus on control of other pests, resulting in neglect of bed bug countermeasures; and the banning of effective pesticides coupled with increased resistance to those pesticides still permitted.<ref name=Kolb2009 /><ref name=Romero_et_al>{{cite journal |vauthors=Romero A, Potter MF, Potter DA, Haynes KF |title=Insecticide Resistance in the Bed Bug: A Factor in the Pest's Sudden Resurgence? |journal=Journal of Medical Entomology |volume=44 |issue=2 |pages=175–178 |year=2007 |pmid=17427684 |s2cid=29722288 |doi=10.1603/0022-2585(2007)44[175:IRITBB]2.0.CO;2 |doi-broken-date=14 November 2024 |issn=0022-2585}}</ref> The decrease in [[cockroach]] populations due to [[insecticide]] use may have aided bed bugs' resurgence, since cockroaches eat bedbugs.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Gulati |first=A. N. |date=1930 |title=Do Cockroaches eat Bed Bugs? |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=125 |issue=3162 |pages=858 |doi=10.1038/125858a0 |issn=1476-4687 |bibcode=1930Natur.125..858G |s2cid=4134223|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Jacobs" /><ref name="MDPI" /> Increasing resistance to DDT and other potent pesticides may have also contributed, along with [[DDT ban|bans on DDT]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Bankhead |first=Charles |date=27 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150828173328/http://www.medpagetoday.com/MeetingCoverage/AAD/53277 |archive-date=28 August 2015 |title=Bed Bug Resurgence a Multifactorial Issue: Hygiene, insecticide bans, globalization all contribute |work=Meeting Coverage |publisher=MedPage Today |url=http://www.medpagetoday.com/MeetingCoverage/AAD/53277 |access-date=28 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Davies |first1=T. G. E. |last2=Field |first2=L. M. |last3=Williamson |first3=M. S. |date=2012|title=The re-emergence of the bed bug as a nuisance pest: implications of resistance to the pyrethroid insecticides |journal=Medical and Veterinary Entomology |language=en |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=241–254 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2915.2011.01006.x |pmid=22235873 |s2cid=9862896 |issn=1365-2915 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

The U.S. [[National Pest Management Association]] reported a 71% increase in bed bug calls between 2000 and 2005.<ref name="voiland">{{cite journal|author=Voiland, Adam|date=16 July 2007|title=You May not be Alone|journal=U.S. News & World Report |volume=143|issue=2|pages=53–54 |url=http://health.usnews.com/usnews/health/articles/070708/16bedbug.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111107010535/http://health.usnews.com/usnews/health/articles/070708/16bedbug.htm|archive-date=7 November 2011}}</ref> The number of reported incidents in [[New York City]] alone rose from 500 in 2004 to 10,000 in 2009.<ref name="nytakeover">{{cite news|url=https://newsfeed.time.com/2010/08/19/are-bedbugs-taking-over-new-york-city/|title=Are Bedbugs Taking Over New York City?|author=Megan Gibson|date=19 August 2010|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|access-date=29 December 2012|archive-date=1 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201040832/http://newsfeed.time.com/2010/08/19/are-bedbugs-taking-over-new-york-city/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2013 [[Chicago]] was listed as the US city with most bedbug infestation.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.tenants-rights.org/chicago-council-passes-bed-bug-ordinance/ |title=Chicago Council passes Bed Bug Ordinance |author=Metropolitan Tenants Organization |date=16 July 2013 |work=Metropolitan Tenants Organization website |access-date=31 August 2015 |archive-date=28 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728232043/https://www.tenants-rights.org/chicago-council-passes-bed-bug-ordinance/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In response the [[Chicago City Council]] passed a bed bug control ordinance to limit spread. Additionally, bed bugs are reaching places in which they never established before, such as southern South America.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Faúndez E. I. |author2=Carvajal M. A. |year=2014 |title=Bed bugs are back and also arriving is the southernmost record of ''Cimex lectularius'' (Heteroptera: Cimicidae) in South America|journal=Journal of Medical Entomology |volume=51|issue=5|pages=1073–1076 |doi=10.1603/me13206|pmid=25276939|s2cid=26829030}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Faúndez E. I. |year=2015|title=Primeros registros de la chinche de cama ''Cimex lectularius'' Linneo, 1755 (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) en la Isla Tierra del Fuego (Chile)|journal=Arquivos Entomolóxicos |volume=14 |pages=279–280}}</ref>

The rise in infestations has been hard to track because bed bug infestation is not an easily identifiable problem, and  also people do not talk about it. Most  reports have been collected from pest-control companies, local authorities, and hotel chains,<ref name="boase">Boase, Clive J., "Bed-bugs – reclaiming our cities", ''Biologist'', vol. 51, pp. 1-4, accessed 7 June 2010</ref> and the problem may be more severe than is currently believed from reports.<ref name="urticaria">{{cite journal  |title=Bedbug bites masquerading as urticaria |year = 2006 |journal =[[Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology]] |pages=1508–1509 |volume=117 |issue=6 |last1=Scarupa |first1=M.D. |last2=Economides |first2=A. |doi=10.1016/j.jaci.2006.03.034|pmid=16751024}}</ref>