Editing Body image (section)

=== Attempts at promoting body positivity ===
{{Further|Body image law}}

Various jurisdictions have taken steps to protect models and promote healthier body image. The U.K. and the U.S. have pursued social education campaigns. [[Spain]], [[Italy]], [[Brazil]], and [[Israel]] prohibit models from working with a BMI below 18.5.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/summer-rayne-oakes/the-skinny-of-fashions-body-image-issue_b_3308004.html|title=The Skinny of Fashion's Body-Image Issue|last=Oakes|first=Summer Rayne|date=May 22, 2013|work=The Huffington Post|access-date=November 1, 2017}}</ref> [[France]] similarly forbids the employment of extremely skinny models,<ref name=":21">{{Cite news|url=http://www.health.com/anorexia/underweight-models-french-fashion-brands|title=French Fashion Brands Are Refusing to Hire Models Under Size 2. Here's Why That's So Important|publisher=Health.com|access-date=November 1, 2017}}</ref> and requires medical certificates to verify their health.<ref name=":21" />

France is also working on ensuring retailers specify when an image is airbrushed in magazines, websites, and advertisements,<ref name=":24">{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/may/07/france-laws-thin-models-retouched-photographs|title=Digital fakery? My dear, that is just so last year |last=Ellen|first=Barbara|date=May 6, 2017|work=The Guardian|access-date=November 1, 2017}}</ref> although it is unclear whether consumers are already aware of digital retouching techniques.<ref name=":24" /><ref>Kim Willsher (December 18, 2015), [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/dec/18/models-doctors-note-prove-not-too-thin-france Models in France must provide doctor's note to work], ''The Guardian''.</ref> Companies in France who want to avoid a fine must label their post if the image has been altered for enhancement.<ref>{{Cite news |date=September 30, 2017 |title=Is she Photoshopped? In France, they now have to tell you |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-41443027 |access-date=April 3, 2021 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref>

Fashion conglomerates [[Kering]] and [[LVMH]] recently "announced that they will no longer hire models smaller than a U.S. size 2".<ref name=":21" /> in hopes of improving the working conditions of models and inspiring others to follow suit. Critics have objected that to ban size-zero models from working constitutes discrimination or thin-shaming.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.racked.com/2017/9/6/16263360/lvmh-kering-skinny-model-ban|title=This Isn't the Answer to Fashion's Body-Image Issues|publisher=Racked|access-date=November 1, 2017}}</ref> Moreover, the announcement of a small minimum dress size, which does not fit the average body type of most countries, continues to "send the message that super slim body types is the 'ideal'".<ref name=":25">{{Cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/lvmh-kering-pledge_uk_59b0f9d7e4b0354e440f56c9|title=Will French Fashion Brands' Ban On Size Zero And Underage Models Really Make A Difference?|date=September 7, 2017|publisher=HuffPost UK|access-date=November 1, 2017}}</ref> [[Plus-size model]]s are slowly emerging in mainstream media, which may improve body image.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/health-29569473|title=Does social media impact on body image?|last=Roxby|first=Philippa|date=October 13, 2014|work=BBC News|access-date=May 6, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/news-bites/plus-size-new-york-fashion-week-ashley-graham-candice-huffine-kelly-slater-itsnotok-teatum-jones-disabled-body|title=News Bites {{!}} NYFW Gets Real About Plus-Size, Kelly Slater Says #itsnotok and More...|date=February 16, 2017|publisher=The Business of Fashion|access-date=November 1, 2017}}</ref> Prominent plus-size models include [[Ashley Graham (model)|Ashley Graham]], the face of popular plus-size retailer [[Lane Bryant]], and [[Iskra Lawrence]], a classified role model for lingerie and swimwear retailer [[Aerie (clothing retailer)|aerie]]. [[Christian Siriano]] cast five plus-size models for his [[New York Fashion Week]] shows.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.onbreaking.com/entertainment/interview-with-christian-siriano-about-his-runway-show-with-plus-size-models/2752/|title=Christian Siriano talk about Plus Size Models|date=September 14, 2016|publisher=On Breaking|access-date=November 1, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107015637/http://www.onbreaking.com/entertainment/interview-with-christian-siriano-about-his-runway-show-with-plus-size-models/2752/|archive-date=November 7, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> Siriano made global headlines after he designed a gown for plus-sized actress [[Leslie Jones (comedian)|Leslie Jones]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://people.com/style/christian-siriano-confirms-that-leslie-jones-is-a-pretty-woman-at-the-ghostbusters-premiere/|title=Christian Siriano Confirms that Leslie Jones Is a Pretty Woman at the Ghostbusters Premiere|date=July 10, 2016|work=People |access-date=November 1, 2017}}</ref>

The lack of fashion-forward plus-size clothing in the fashion industry has given rise to the #PlusIsEqual movement. High-street brands such as [[Forever 21]] and [[ASOS.com|ASOS]] have increased plus-size product offerings.<ref name=":28">{{cite magazine |date=February 25, 2016 |title='Loud and proud': How social media pushed retail to be more body-positive - Digiday |url=https://digiday.com/marketing/loud-proud-social-media-pushed-retail-body-positive/ |access-date=November 1, 2017 |magazine=[[Digiday]]}}</ref> Other brands include [[Victoria Beckham]]'s, who plans to release a range of high-street clothing with sizes up to XXXL,<ref>{{Cite news |date=July 12, 2017 |title=The beauty curve: Here's how the fashion industry is embracing plus sized clothes |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/fashion-and-trends/the-beauty-curve-here-s-how-the-fashion-industry-embraced-plus-sizes/story-A3zwYFeeZIMAsTs1vQWEpK.html |access-date=November 1, 2017 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> and [[Nike, Inc.|Nike]], which expanded its plus-size collection sizes 1X to 3X.<ref>{{Cite news |date=March 3, 2017 |title=Nike has finally launched its first plus size range |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/fashion/nike-plus-size-range-xl-xxxl-body-positive-sportswear-clothing-a7609341.html |access-date=November 1, 2017 |work=The Independent}}</ref> In response to the criticism that the term plus-size caused unnecessary labeling, [[Kmart (United States)|Kmart]] replaced its numerical sizing with positive tags such as, "lovely" and "fabulous" instead.<ref name="NoSizeFitsAll">{{Cite web |title=#NoSizeFitsAll: The rise of body-positive fashion |url=http://www.cafebabel.co.uk/lifestyle/article/nosizefitsall-the-rise-of-body-positive-fashion.html |access-date=November 1, 2017 |publisher=Cafe Babel}}</ref>

Models have notably used Instagram as a tool to "encourage self-acceptance, fight back against body-shamers, and post plenty of selfies celebrating their figure".<ref name=":26">{{Cite magazine |title=Real Women Have Curves |last=Bazilian |first=Emma |magazine=[[Adweek]] |date=April 25, 2016 |url=http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA451229452&v=2.1&it=r&p=GPS&sw=w&asid=d7d9761b9b364c6d5dbff6ac2a615991}}</ref>{{page needed|date=April 2018}} In the U.S., a group of plus-size models launched the #DearNYFW campaign, which targeted the fashion industry's 'harmful approach' towards their bodies.<ref name=":27">{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/health-fitness/body/started-breaking-ribs-fashion-week-models-hit-back-against-pressure/|title='I started breaking my ribs': Fashion week models hit back against the pressure to lose weight|last=Rahim|first=Lucy|date=June 1, 2017|work=The Telegraph|access-date=November 1, 2017}}</ref> This movement was broadcast across different social media platforms, with other models using the hashtag to share their experiences, in hopes of persuading the American fashion industry to start "prioritizing health and celebrate diversity on the runway".<ref name=":27" /> Fashion photographer Tarik Carroll released a photo series titled the ''EveryMAN Project'' to showcase large-framed [[queer]] and [[transgender men]] of color, with the stated purpose of "challenging [[Hypermasculinity|hyper-masculinity]] and [[gender norms]], while bringing body-positivity to the forefront".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/fashion-photographer-promotes-acceptance-everyman-n783881|title=Fashion photographer promotes acceptance of "EveryMAN"|work=NBC News|access-date=November 1, 2017}}</ref>

Another tactic to promote body positivity has been to protest against photo retouching. In 2014, the [[Aerie (clothing retailer)#Aerie Real|Aarie Real]] campaign promised to display "campaign spreads and brand imagery with stomach rolls, gapless thighs and other perceived flaws that would normally have been edited out of the ads".<ref name=":28" /> Neon Moon, a feminist lingerie brand from London, advocates the beauty of flaws, instead of the need to retouch its models for aesthetic purposes. Another tactic was used by the U.S. e-tailer [[ModCloth]], in which it employed its own staff as models for its swimwear collection.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.today.com/style/modcloth-proves-we-all-have-swimsuit-bodies-new-body-positive-t90081|title='We all have swimsuit bodies': See Modcloth's empowering new campaign|last=Murray|first=Rheana|work=Today |access-date=November 1, 2017}}</ref>