Editing Book (section)

== Contemporary publishing ==
{{Main|Publishing}}
Presently, books are typically produced by a publishing company in order to be put on the market by distributors and bookstores. The publisher negotiates a formal legal agreement with [[author]]s in order to obtain the [[copyright]] to works, then arranges for them to be produced and sold. The major steps of the publishing process are: editing and proofreading the work to be published; designing the printed book; manufacturing the books; and selling the books, including marketing and promotion. Each of these steps is usually taken on by third-party companies paid by the publisher.{{sfn|Feather|Sturges|2003|pp=42-44}} This is in contrast to [[self-publishing]], where an author pays for the production and distribution of their own work and manages some or all steps of the publishing process.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-10-05 |title=What is the difference between traditional publishing and self-publishing? |url=https://canadianauthors.org/national/faq/what-is-the-difference-between-traditional-publishing-and-self-publishing/ |access-date=2024-08-28 |website=[[Canadian Authors Association]] |language=en-US}}</ref>

English-language publishing is currently dominated by the so-called "Big Five" publishers: [[Penguin Random House]], [[Hachette Book Group]], [[HarperCollins]], [[Simon & Schuster]], and [[Macmillan Publishers]]. They were estimated to make up almost 60 percent of the market for general-readership books in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Memorandum Opinion [Redacted] {{!}} United States Department of Justice |url=https://www.justice.gov/atr/case-document/file/1549941 |access-date=2024-02-04 |website=www.justice.gov}}</ref>

=== Design ===
{{Main|Book design}}

Book design is the art of incorporating the content, style, format, design, and sequence of the various elements of a book into a coherent unit.<ref>{{cite book|last=Lee|first=Marshall |title=Bookmaking: Editing, Design, Production|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OejMV-cELwUC|edition=3rd|year=2004|publisher=W. W. Norton and Company|location=New York|isbn=978-0-393-73018-0}}</ref>

==== Layout ====
{{See also|Page layout}}
{{anchor|Belly band|Flap|Head|Fore edge|Tail|Gutter}}
[[File:Bookinfo.svg|thumb|350px|Diagram of a book
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|{{ordered list|Belly band|Flap|[[Endpaper]]|[[Book cover|Cover]]|Head|Fore edge|Tail|[[Recto and verso|Right page]] (''[[recto]]'' if printing is left to right, ''[[verso]]'' if right to left)|[[Recto and verso|Left page]] (''verso'' if printing is left to right, ''recto'' if right to left)|Gutter}}}}]]
Modern books are organized according to a particular format called the book's ''layout''. Although there is great variation in layout, modern books tend to adhere to a set of rules with regard to what the parts of the layout are and what their content usually includes. A basic layout will include a ''front cover'', a ''back cover'' and the book's content which is called its ''body copy'' or ''content pages''. The front cover often bears the book's title (and subtitle, if any) and the name of its author or editor(s). The ''inside front cover'' page is usually left blank in both hardcover and paperback books. The next section, if present, is the book's ''front matter'', which includes all textual material after the front cover but not part of the book's content such as a foreword, a dedication, a table of contents and publisher data such as the book's edition or printing number and place of publication. Between the body copy and the back cover goes the ''end matter'' which would include any indices, sets of tables, diagrams, glossaries or lists of cited works (though an edited book with several authors usually places cited works at the end of each authored chapter). The ''inside back cover'' page, like that inside the front cover, is usually blank. The ''back cover'' is the usual place for the book's [[ISBN]] and maybe a photograph of the author(s)/ editor(s), perhaps with a short introduction to them. Also here often appear plot summaries, barcodes and excerpted reviews of the book.<ref name="ShellyStarks2011">{{cite book |author1=Gary B. Shelly |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PSQJAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA559 |title=Microsoft Publisher 2010: Comprehensive |author2=Joy L. Starks |date=2011 |publisher=Cengage Learning |isbn=978-1-133-17147-8 |page=559 |access-date=December 5, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221193213/https://books.google.com/books?id=PSQJAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA559 |archive-date=December 21, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The body of the books is usually divided into parts, chapters, sections and sometimes subsections that are composed of at least a paragraph or more.

==== Size ====
{{Main|Book size}}
The size of a book is generally measured by the height against the width of a leaf, or sometimes the height and width of its cover.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Roberts |first1=Matt |title=Bookbinding and the conservation of books: a dictionary of descriptive terminology |last2=Etherington |first2=Don |date=1982 |publisher=Library of Congress |others=Library of Congress |isbn=978-0-8444-0366-3 |location=Washington, D.C.}}</ref> A series of terms commonly used by contemporary libraries and publishers for the general sizes of modern books ranges from ''[[folio]]'' (the largest), to ''[[quarto]]'' (smaller) and ''[[octavo]]'' (still smaller). Historically, these terms referred to the format of the book, a technical term used by printers and bibliographers to indicate the size of a leaf in terms of the size of the original sheet. For example, a quarto was a book printed on sheets of paper folded in half twice, with the first fold at right angles to the second, to produce 4 leaves (or 8 pages), each leaf one fourth the size of the original sheet printed – note that a ''leaf'' refers to the single piece of paper, whereas a ''page'' is one side of a leaf. Because the actual format of many modern books cannot be determined from examination of the books, bibliographers may not use these terms in scholarly descriptions.

==== Illustration ====
{{Main|Book illustration}}
[[File:Randolph Caldecott illustration2.jpg|thumb|alt=illustration of crowing rooster facing the rising sun with a man, dressed in nightcap and sleeping gown, leaning out the window. Background shows two small figures walking along a fenced road.|Illustration from "[[This Is the House That Jack Built|The House that Jack Built]]" in ''The Complete Collection of Pictures & Songs''; engraving and printing by [[Edmund Evans]], illustration by [[Randolph Caldecott]] (1887)]]
While some form of book illustration has existed since the invention of writing, the modern Western tradition of illustration began with 15th-century [[block book]]s, in which the book's text and images were cut into the same block.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Russell |first=Chris |date=2016-01-14 |title=A Brief History of Book Illustration |url=https://lithub.com/a-brief-history-of-book-illustration/ |access-date=2024-08-28 |website=Literary Hub |language=en-US}}</ref> Techniques such as [[engraving]], [[etching]], and [[lithography]] have also been influential.

=== Manufacturing ===
[[File:Urval av de bocker som har vunnit Nordiska radets litteraturpris under de 50 ar som priset funnits (2).jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|left|Several book spines displayed on a shelf]]The methods used for the printing and binding of books continued fundamentally unchanged from the 15th century into the early 20th century. While there was more [[mechanization]], a [[book printer]] in 1900 still used movable metal type assembled into words, lines, and pages to create copies. Modern paper books are printed on [[Printing and writing paper|paper designed specifically for printing]]. Traditionally, book papers are off-white or low-white papers (easier to read), are opaque to minimize the show-through of text from one side of the page to the other and are (usually) made to tighter [[caliper]] or thickness specifications, particularly for case-bound books. Different paper qualities are used depending on the type of book: [[Machine finished coated paper]]s, [[woodfree uncoated paper]]s, [[coated fine paper]]s and [[special fine paper]]s are common paper grades.

Today, the majority of books are printed by [[offset lithography]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BNCODAAAQBAJ&q=Today,+the+majority+of+books+are+printed+by+offset+lithography&pg=PA213|title=The Complete Canadian Book Editor|last=Vermeer|first=Leslie|date=2016|publisher=Brush Education|isbn=978-1-55059-677-9|language=en|access-date=October 15, 2020|archive-date=December 18, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218164852/https://books.google.com/books?id=BNCODAAAQBAJ&q=Today,+the+majority+of+books+are+printed+by+offset+lithography&pg=PA213|url-status=live}}</ref> When a book is printed, the pages are laid out on the plate so that after the printed sheet is folded the pages will be in the correct sequence. Books tend to be manufactured nowadays in a few standard sizes. The [[Book size|sizes of books]] are usually specified as "trim size": the size of the page after the sheet has been folded and trimmed. The standard sizes result from sheet sizes (therefore machine sizes) which became popular 200 or 300 years ago, and have come to dominate the industry. British conventions in this regard prevail throughout the English-speaking world, except for the US. The European book manufacturing industry works to a completely different set of standards.

[[Hardcover]] books have a stiff binding, while [[paperback]] books have cheaper, flexible covers which tend to be less durable. Publishers may produce low-cost pre-publication copies known as [[galley proof|galleys]] or "bound proofs" for promotional purposes, such as generating reviews in advance of publication. Galleys are usually made as cheaply as possible, since they are not intended for sale.

====Printing====
{{More citations needed section|date=February 2024}}

Some books, particularly those with shorter runs (i.e. with fewer copies) will be printed on sheet-fed offset presses, but most books are now printed on [[web press]]es, which are fed by a continuous roll of paper, and can consequently print more copies in a shorter time. As the production line circulates, a complete "book" is collected together in one stack of pages, and another machine carries out the folding, pleating, and stitching of the pages into bundles of [[Section (bookbinding)|signatures]] (sections of pages) ready to go into the gathering line. The pages of a book are printed two at a time, not as one complete book. Excess numbers are printed to make up for any spoilage due to make-readies or test pages to assure final print quality.

A ''make-ready'' is the preparatory work carried out by the pressmen to get the printing press up to the required quality of [[Impression (publishing)|impression]]. Included in make-ready is the time taken to mount the plate onto the machine, clean up any mess from the previous job, and get the press up to speed. As soon as the pressman decides that the printing is correct, all the make-ready sheets will be discarded, and the press will start making books. Similar make readies take place in the folding and binding areas, each involving spoilage of paper.

Recent developments in book manufacturing include the development of digital printing. Book pages are printed, in much the same way as an office copier works, using [[toner (printing)|toner]] rather than ink. Each book is printed in one pass, not as separate signatures. Digital printing has permitted the manufacture of much smaller quantities than offset, in part because of the absence of make readies and of spoilage. Digital printing has opened up the possibility of print-on-demand, where no books are printed until after an order is received from a customer.

[[File:Printing3 Walk of Ideas Berlin.JPG|thumb|{{convert|40|ft|m|order=flip|adj=mid|-high}} sculpture of a stack of books at the Berlin [[Walk of Ideas]], commemorating the invention of modern book printing]]

====Binding====
{{main|Bookbinding}}
After the signatures are folded and gathered, they move into the [[bindery]]. In the middle of last century there were still many trade binders—stand-alone binding companies which did no printing, specializing in binding alone. At that time, because of the dominance of letterpress printing, typesetting and printing took place in one location, and binding in a different factory. When type was all metal, a typical book's worth of type would be bulky, fragile and heavy. The less it was moved in this condition the better: so printing would be carried out in the same location as the typesetting. Printed sheets on the other hand could easily be moved. Now, because of increasing [[Automation|computerization]] of preparing a book for the printer, the typesetting part of the job has flowed upstream, where it is done either by separately contracting companies working for the publisher, by the publishers themselves, or even by the authors. Mergers in the book manufacturing industry mean that it is now unusual to find a bindery which is not also involved in book printing (and vice versa).

If the book is a hardback its path through the bindery will involve more points of activity than if it is a paperback. Unsewn binding is now increasingly common. The signatures of a book can also be held together by "[[Smyth sewing]]" using needles, {{anchor|McCain sewing}}"McCain sewing", using drilled holes often used in schoolbook binding, or {{anchor|Notch binding}}"notch binding", where gashes about an inch long are made at intervals through the fold in the spine of each signature. The rest of the binding process is similar in all instances. Sewn and notch bound books can be bound as either hardbacks or paperbacks.

==== Finishing ====
"Making cases" happens off-line and prior to the book's arrival at the binding line. In the most basic case-making, two pieces of cardboard are placed onto a glued piece of cloth with a space between them into which is glued a thinner board cut to the width of the spine of the book. The overlapping edges of the cloth (about 5/8" all round) are folded over the boards, and pressed down to adhere. After case-making the stack of cases will go to the [[foil stamping]] area for adding decorations and type.

=== Retail and distribution ===
{{Main|Bookselling}}
Bookselling is the commercial trading of books that forms the [[retail]] and distribution end of the publishing process.

=== Accessible publishing ===
{{Main|Accessible publishing}}
[[File:Accessible_Books_Consortium_explains_-_a_digital_file_is_not_necessarily_accessible.webm|left|thumb|An example of someone using a [[screen reader]] showing documents that are inaccessible, readable and accessible]]
Accessible publishing is an approach to publishing and book design whereby books and other texts are made available in alternative formats designed to aid or replace the reading process. It is particularly relevant for people who are blind, [[Visual impairment|visually impaired]] or otherwise [[Print disability|print-disabled]].

Alternative formats that have been developed to aid different people to read include varieties of larger [[font]]s, specialized fonts for certain kinds of [[Reading disability|reading disabilities]], braille, ebooks, and automated audiobooks and [[DAISY Digital Talking Book|DAISY]] digital talking books.

Accessible publishing has been made easier through developments in technology such as print on demand, ebook readers, the [[XML]] structured data format, the [[EPUB|EPUB3]] format and the Internet.

=== Audiobooks ===
{{Main|Audiobook}}
An audiobook or talking book is a recording of a book or other work being read out loud. A reading of the complete text is described as "unabridged", while readings of shorter versions are [[abridgement]]s.

Spoken audio has been available in [[school]]s and [[Public library|public libraries]] and to a lesser extent in [[Record shop|music shops]] since the 1930s. Many [[spoken word album]]s were made prior to the age of [[Cassette tape|cassettes]], [[compact disc]]s, and [[MP3|downloadable audio]], often of [[poetry]] and [[Play (theatre)|plays]] rather than books. It was not until the 1980s that the medium began to attract book retailers, and then book retailers started displaying audiobooks on bookshelves rather than in separate displays.

=== Ebooks ===
{{Main|Ebook}}
[[File:Amazon Kindle 3.JPG|thumb|right|upright|A [[Amazon Kindle|Kindle]] e-reader]]An ebook (short for electronic book), also spelled e-book or eBook, is a book publication made available in electronic form, consisting of text, images, or both, readable on the [[flat-panel display]] of computers or other electronic devices.<ref>Gardiner, Eileen and Ronald G. Musto. "The Electronic Book." In Suarez, Michael Felix, and H. R. Woudhuysen. [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/370356568 ''The Oxford Companion to the Book'']. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190912011827/https://www.worldcat.org/title/oxford-companion-to-the-book/oclc/370356568|date=September 12, 2019}} Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010, p. 164.</ref> Although sometimes defined as "an electronic version of a printed book",<ref>{{cite web |title=e-book |url=http://oxforddictionaries.com/view/entry/m_en_us1242960 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110208012946/http://oxforddictionaries.com/view/entry/m_en_us1242960 |archive-date=February 8, 2011 |access-date=September 2, 2010 |website=Oxford Dictionaries |publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> some ebooks exist without a printed equivalent. Ebooks can be read on dedicated [[e-reader]] devices and on any computer device that features a controllable viewing screen, including [[desktop computer]]s, [[laptop]]s, [[Tablet computer|tablets]] and [[smartphone]]s.

In some markets, the sale of printed books has decreased due to the increased use of ebooks. However, printed books still largely outsell ebooks, and many people have a preference for print.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ang |first=Carmen |date=15 October 2021 |title=Print Has Prevailed: The Staying Power of Physical Books |url=https://www.visualcapitalist.com/print-books-versus-e-books/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819191402/https://www.visualcapitalist.com/print-books-versus-e-books/ |archive-date=August 19, 2022 |access-date=August 19, 2022 |website=Visual Capitalist}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Richter |first=Felix |date=21 April 2022 |title=E-Books Still No Match for Printed Books |url=https://www.statista.com/chart/24709/e-book-and-printed-book-penetration/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312015607/https://www.statista.com/chart/24709/e-book-and-printed-book-penetration/ |archive-date=March 12, 2023 |access-date=March 12, 2023 |website=[[Statista]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Handley |first=Lucy |date=September 19, 2019 |title=Physical books still outsell e-books – and here's why |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/09/19/physical-books-still-outsell-e-books-and-heres-why.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210102034014/https://www.cnbc.com/2019/09/19/physical-books-still-outsell-e-books-and-heres-why.html |archive-date=January 2, 2021 |access-date=2 January 2021 |publisher=[[CNBC]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Duffy |first=Kate |date=10 March 2023 |title=Gen Zers are bookworms but say they're shunning e-books because of eye strain, digital detoxing, and their love for libraries |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/gen-z-book-ditch-digital-love-libraries-eye-strain-2023-3 |url-access=registration |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311171707/https://www.businessinsider.com/gen-z-book-ditch-digital-love-libraries-eye-strain-2023-3 |archive-date=March 11, 2023 |access-date=March 11, 2023 |publisher=[[Business Insider]]}}</ref>

=== Dummy books ===
[[File:Cigarette smuggling with a book.JPG|thumb|left|Cigarette smuggling with a book]]
Dummy books (or faux books) are books that are designed to imitate a real book by appearance to deceive people, some books may be whole with empty pages, others may be hollow or in other cases, there may be a whole panel carved with spines which are then painted to look like books, titles of some books may also be fictitious.

There are many reasons to have dummy books on display such as; to allude visitors of the vast wealth of information in their possession and to inflate the owner's appearance of wealth, to conceal something,<ref>{{cite web |last=Golder |first=Joseph |date=2021-10-28 |title=Man Finds Secret Passage Hidden Behind Bookshelf in His 500-Year-Old Home's Library |url=https://www.newsweek.com/man-finds-secret-passage-hidden-behind-bookshelf-his-500-year-old-homes-library-1644132 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223171800/https://www.newsweek.com/man-finds-secret-passage-hidden-behind-bookshelf-his-500-year-old-homes-library-1644132 |archive-date=February 23, 2022 |accessdate=2022-02-25 |publisher=Newsweek.com}}</ref> for shop displays or for decorative purposes.

In early 19th century at [[Gwrych Castle]], [[North Wales]], [[Lloyd Hesketh Bamford-Hesketh]] was known for his vast collection of books at his library, however, at the later part of that same century, the public became aware that parts of his library was a fabrication, dummy books were built and then locked behind glass doors to stop people from trying to access them, from this a proverb was born, "Like Hesky's library, all outside".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Apperson |first=George Latimer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7PMZJqSR4sAC&q=hesk%27s |title=Dictionary of Proverbs |date=2006-05-10 |publisher=Wordsworth Editions |isbn=978-1-84022-311-8 |pages=279 |language=en |access-date=March 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327190210/https://books.google.com/books?id=7PMZJqSR4sAC&q=hesk%27s |archive-date=March 27, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sparke |first=Archibald |date=1922-03-04 |title=Pseudo-titles for "Dummy" books |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nq/s12-x.203.174a |url-status=live |journal=Notes and Queries |volume=s12-X |issue=203 |pages=174 |doi=10.1093/nq/s12-x.203.174a |issn=1471-6941 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327190217/https://academic.oup.com/nq/article-abstract/s12-X/203/174/4231316?redirectedFrom=fulltext |archive-date=March 27, 2023 |access-date=March 21, 2023|url-access=subscription }}</ref>