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Bronchiectasis
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=== Cigarette smoking === A causal role for [[Tobacco smoking|tobacco smoke]] in bronchiectasis has not been demonstrated.<ref name=":02" /> Nonetheless, tobacco smoking can worsen pulmonary function and accelerate the progression of disease that is already present.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Martínez-García|first1=Miguel Ángel|last2=Soler-Cataluña|first2=Juan José|last3=Donat Sanz|first3=Yolanda|last4=Catalán Serra|first4=Pablo|last5=Agramunt Lerma|first5=Marcos|last6=Ballestín Vicente|first6=Javier|last7=Perpiñá-Tordera|first7=Miguel|date=November 2011|title=Factors associated with bronchiectasis in patients with COPD|journal=Chest|volume=140|issue=5|pages=1130–7|doi=10.1378/chest.10-1758 |pmid=21546440}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Goeminne|first1=P. C.|last2=Nawrot|first2=T. S.|last3=Ruttens|first3=D.|last4=Seys|first4=S.|last5=Dupont|first5=L. J.|date=February 2014|title=Mortality in non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis: a prospective cohort analysis|journal=Respiratory Medicine|volume=108|issue=2|pages=287–296|doi=10.1016/j.rmed.2013.12.015 |pmid=24445062|doi-access=free|hdl=1942/16765|hdl-access=free}}</ref>
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