Editing Candida albicans (section)

===Systemic infections===

Systemic fungal infections ([[fungemia]]s) including those by ''C. albicans'' have emerged as important causes of [[morbidity]] and [[death|mortality]] in [[immunodeficiency|immunocompromised]] patients (e.g., [[HIV/AIDS|AIDS]], cancer [[chemotherapy]], organ or [[bone marrow]] transplantation). ''C. albicans'' often forms biofilms inside the body. Such ''C. albicans'' [[biofilm]]s may form on the surface of implantable medical devices or organs. In these biofilms it is often found together with ''[[Staphylococcus aureus]]''.<ref name="Kumamoto2002"/><ref name="Donlan2001"/><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Peters BM, Jabra-Rizk MA, Scheper MA, Leid JG, Costerton JW, Shirtliff ME | title = Microbial interactions and differential protein expression in Staphylococcus aureus -Candida albicans dual-species biofilms | journal = FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology | volume = 59 | issue = 3 | pages = 493–503 | date = August 2010 | pmid = 20608978 | pmc = 2936118 | doi = 10.1111/j.1574-695X.2010.00710.x }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Saygin D, Tabib T, Bittar HE, Valenzi E, Sembrat J, Chan SY, Rojas M, Lafyatis R | display-authors = 6 | title = Transcriptional profiling of lung cell populations in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension | journal = Pulmonary Circulation | volume = 10 | issue = 1 | pages = 30–39 | year = 2013 | pmid = 32166015 | doi = 10.1893/0005-3155-84.1.30 | pmc = 7052475 | s2cid = 96930404 }}</ref> Such multispecies infections lead to higher mortalities.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Zago CE, Silva S, Sanitá PV, Barbugli PA, Dias CM, Lordello VB, Vergani CE | title = Dynamics of biofilm formation and the interaction between Candida albicans and methicillin-susceptible (MSSA) and -resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 10 | issue = 4 | pages = e0123206 | year = 2015 | pmid = 25875834 | pmc = 4395328 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0123206 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2015PLoSO..1023206Z }}</ref> In addition [[nosocomial infection|hospital-acquired infections]] by ''C. albicans'' have become a cause of major health concerns.<ref name=Calderone/><ref>{{cite book |title=Mibrobiology:an Introduction | vauthors = Tortora GJ |publisher=Pearson Benjamin Cummings |year=2010 |location=San Francisco, CA |pages=758}}</ref> Especially once candida cells are introduced in the bloodstream a high mortality, up to 40–60% can occur.<ref name=Calderone>{{cite book |veditors=Calderone A, Clancy CJ |title=Candida and Candidiasis |edition=2nd |publisher=ASM Press |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-55581-539-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Weinberger M, Leibovici L, Perez S, Samra Z, Ostfeld I, Levi I, Bash E, Turner D, Goldschmied-Reouven A, Regev-Yochay G, Pitlik SD, Keller N | display-authors = 6 | title = Characteristics of candidaemia with Candida-albicans compared with non-albicans Candida species and predictors of mortality | journal = The Journal of Hospital Infection | volume = 61 | issue = 2 | pages = 146–154 | date = October 2005 | pmid = 16009456 | doi = 10.1016/j.jhin.2005.02.009 }}</ref>

Although ''Candida albicans'' is the most common cause of [[fungemia|candidemia]], there has been a decrease in the incidence and an increased isolation of non-albicans species of ''Candida'' in recent years.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Yapar N | title = Epidemiology and risk factors for invasive candidiasis | journal = Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management | volume = 10 | pages = 95–105 | date = 2016-04-16 | pmid = 24611015 | pmc = 3928396 | doi = 10.2147/TCRM.S40160 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Preventive measures include maintaining a good oral hygiene, keeping a healthy lifestyle including good nutrition, the careful use of antibiotics, treatment of infected areas and keeping skin dry and clean, free from open wounds.<ref>"Fungal Diseases." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 12 June 2015, www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/candidiasis/invasive/diagnosis.html.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.microbiologybook.org/mycology/mycology-3.htm|title=Yeasts|website=www.microbiologybook.org|access-date=27 March 2018|archive-date=14 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180314095810/http://www.microbiologybook.org/mycology/mycology-3.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>