Editing Chechen language (section)

== Alphabets ==
{{Split section|Chechen alphabets|date=May 2024}}<!-- Not Cyrillic, rather a kind of fictitious/fantasy one. [[File:Noxchiyn abat.jpg|thumb|Modern Chechen Cyrillic alphabet, handwritten style]] -->

[[File:Нохчийн абат 1862 шо. Автор Къеди Досов.png|thumb|Uslar and Kedi's 1862 alphabet]]
[[File:Chechen alphabet by Uslar.JPG|thumb|Uslar's 1888 alphabet]]
[[File:Chechen Uslar.jpg|thumb|Uslar's 1911 Chechen alphabet]]
[[File:Chechen alphabet-1925.png|thumb|upright=1.36|Chechen language Arabic script alphabet from 1925 ABC book]]
[[File:Banknote north caucasian emirate.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|Banknote of the [[North Caucasian Emirate]]]]
[[File:Serlo.png|thumb|Chechen-Soviet newspaper Serlo (Light), written in the Chechen Latin script during the era of [[Korenizatsiya]]]]
[[File:Beriyn Poliklinika, Sölƶa-Ġala.jpg|thumb|upright=1.13|Chechen Cyrillic on a plate in Grozny, using the digit 1 for palochka.]]
Numerous inscriptions in the [[Georgian script]] are found in mountainous Chechnya, but they are not necessarily in Chechen. Later, the [[Arabic script]] was introduced for Chechen, along with [[Islam]]. The Chechen Arabic alphabet was first reformed during the reign of [[Imam Shamil]], and then again in 1910, 1920 and 1922.

At the same time, the alphabet devised by [[Peter von Uslar]], consisting of Cyrillic, Latin, and Georgian letters, was used for academic purposes. In 1911 it too was reformed but never gained popularity among the Chechens themselves.

===Cyrillic alphabet===
The current official script for Chechen language is the Cyrillic alphabet. This script was created and adopted in 1938, replacing the Latin script prior to it. Up until 1992, only the Cyrillic script was used for Chechen. After the collapse of the Soviet Union and the de facto secession of the [[Chechen Republic of Ichkeria]] from Russia, a new Latin script was devised and was used parallel to Cyrillic until the dissolution of [[Chechen Republic of Ichkeria|the separatist state]].

Modern alphabet:

{| style=" font-size:1.4em; border-color:#000; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background:#f8f8ef;"
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | А а
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Аь аь
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Б б
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | В в
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Г г
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Гӏ гӏ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Д д
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Е е
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ё ё
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ж ж
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | З з
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | И и
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Й й
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | К к
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Кх кх
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Къ къ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Кӏ кӏ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Л л
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | М м
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Н н
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | О о
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Оь оь
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | П п
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Пӏ пӏ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Р р
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | С с
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Т т
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Тӏ тӏ
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | У у
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Уь уь
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ф ф
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Х х
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Хь хь
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Хӏ хӏ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ц ц
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Цӏ цӏ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ч ч
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Чӏ чӏ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ш ш
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Щ щ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ъ ъ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ы ы
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ь ь
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Э э
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ю ю
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Я я
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ӏ ӏ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |
|
|}

Lower-case [[palochka]], {{angbr|ӏ}}, is found in handwriting. Usually, palochka uppercase and lowercase forms [[Cyrillic script#Lowercase forms|consistent]] in print or upright, but only upper-case {{angbr|Ӏ}} is normally used in computers.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Алиева |first1=С. А. |title=Нохчийн мотт. Абат: йоза-дешар Ӏаморан Ӏамат. 1 класс. |last2=Касумова |first2=Б. С.-А. |last3=Серганова |first3=З. З. |last4=Хамраева |first4=Е. А. |date=2012 |language=ce}}</ref>

===1992 Latin alphabet===

In 1992, with the de facto secession of [[Chechen Republic of Ichkeria]] from Russia, a new Latin Chechen alphabet was introduced and used in parallel with the Cyrillic alphabet. This was the second time a Latin-based orthography was created for Chechen. But after the defeat of the [[Chechen Republic of Ichkeria]] government by the [[Russian Armed Forces]], the Cyrillic alphabet was restored.{{citation needed|date=May 2023}}<ref name="BGN/PCGN" />

{| style="font-size:1.4em; border-color:#000; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background:#f8f8ef;"
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | A a
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Ä ä
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | B b
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | C c
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Ċ ċ
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Ç ç 
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Ç̇ ç̇
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | D d
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | E e
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | F f
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | G g
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Ġ ġ
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | H h
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | X x
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Ẋ ẋ
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | I i
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | J j
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | K k
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Kh kh
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | L l
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | M m
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | N n
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Ꞑ ꞑ<br />(Ŋ ŋ)
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | O o
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Ö ö
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | P p
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Ph ph
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Q q
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Q̇ q̇
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | R r
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | S s
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Ş ş
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | T t
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Th th
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | U u
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Ü ü
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | V v
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Y y
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Z z
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Ƶ ƶ
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Ə ə
|
|}

===1925 Latin alphabet===

The first time that the Latin alphabet was [[Latinisation in the Soviet Union|introduced]], was in 1925, replacing Arabic alphabet. Further minor modifications in 1934, unified Chechen orthography with Ingush. But the Latin alphabet was abolished in 1938, being replaced with Cyrillic.

{| style=" font-size:1.4em; border-color:#000; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background:#f8f8ef;"
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | A a
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ä ä
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | B b
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | C c
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Č č
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ch ch
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Čh čh
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | D d
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | E e
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | F f
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | G g
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Gh gh
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | H h
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | I i
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | J j
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | K k
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Kh kh
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | L l
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | M m
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | N n
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Ņ ņ
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | O o
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Ö ö
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | P p
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Ph ph
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Q q
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Qh qh
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | R r
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | S s
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Š š
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | T t
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Th th
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | U u
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Ü ü
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | V v
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | X x
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Ẋ ẋ
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Y y
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Z z
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Ž ž
|}

===Arabic alphabet===

The first, most widespread modern orthography for Chechen was the Arabic script, adopted in the 19th century.<ref>Aliroev, I. Y. (1999). ''Чеченский язык (Chechen Language)'' (pp. 24–31). {{ISBN|587444-105-0}}</ref> Chechen was not a traditionally written language, but due to the public's familiarity with the Arabic script - as the script of instruction in the region's Islamic and Quranic schools - the Arabic alphabet was first standardized and adopted for Chechen during the reign of [[Imam Shamil]]. Islam has been the dominant religion in Chechnya since the 16th century, and there were 200 religious schools as well as more than 3000 pupils in Chechnya and Ingushetia. Thus the Arabic script was well established among the speakers of Chechen.<ref>{{cite web |title=Documentation and grammatical description of Chechen including the Cheberloi dialect &#124; Endangered Languages Archive |url=https://www.elararchive.org/dk0232/}}</ref>

However, the Arabic alphabet would not be suitable for Chechen, and so modifications would be needed. 
The Arabic alphabet underwent various iterations, improvements and modifications for the Chechen language. Within Chechen society, these modifications were not without controversy. The Muslim clergy and the more conservative segments of Chechen society initially resisted any changes to the Arabic script, with the belief that this script was sacred due to its association with Islam, and was not to be changed. The clergy and Islamic educational institutions opposed each and every iteration of proposed reforms in the Arabic script.<ref name="chentieva">Chentieva, M. D. (1958). History of Checheno-Ingush writing (История чечено-ингушской письменности). Checheno-Ingush Publishing House (Чечено-Ингушское кн. изд-во).</ref> While modifications to the Arabic script to match local languages had been common practice for centuries, for languages such as [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Ottoman Turkish]], the modifications in Chechen were done independently from these two nearby and influential literary traditions and were focused on the needs of the Chechen language. Initially, the Chechen Arabic alphabet looked like this (from left to right).

<br><span style="font-size:x-large;">ي ﻻ ه و ن م ل ڮ ك ڨ ق ف غ ع ظ ط ض ص ش س ز ر ذ د خ ح ج ث ت ب ا </span>

In this alphabet, two additional letters were added to the base Arabic script:<ref name="chentieva" />
# The letter {{script/Arabic| ڨ }}, equivalent to Cyrillic digraph "Къ" and representing the sound {{IPA| /qʼ/}};
# The letter {{script/Arabic| ڮ }} equivalent to Cyrillic letter "Кӏ" and representing the sound {{IPA| /kʼ/}}.
#* This letter was later revised to {{script/Arabic| ࢰ }}

In 1910, Sugaip Gaisunov proposed additional reforms that brought Arabic alphabet closer to Chechen's phonetic requirements. Sugaip Gaisunov introduced four additional consonants:<ref name="chentieva" />

# The letter {{script/Arabic| ڥ }}, equivalent to Cyrillic letter "Пӏ" and representing the sound {{IPA| /pʼ/}};
#* This letter was later revised to {{script/Arabic| ڢ }}
# The letter {{script/Arabic| ر࣮ }} ([[File:Reh with two dots below.svg|6px]]), equivalent to Cyrillic letters "Ц" and "Цӏ" and representing the sounds {{IPA| /ts/}} and {{IPA| /tsʼ/}};
# The letter {{script/Arabic| چ }}, equivalent to Cyrillic letters "Ч" and "Чӏ", representing the sounds {{IPA| /tʃ/}} and {{IPA| /t͡ʃʼ/}};
# The letter {{script/Arabic| گ }}, equivalent to Cyrillic letter "Г" and representing the sound {{IPA| /g/}};

In Sugaip Gaisunov's reforms, the letters {{script/Arabic| ص }} (''ṣād/sād'') and {{script/Arabic| ض }} (''zād/ḍād'') had their usage limited to Arabic loanwords but were not eliminated due to opposition from clergy and conservative segments of Chechen society. In another short-lasting modification, Sugaip Gaisunov proposed adding a overline (◌ٙ) ([https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0659 U+0659]) over letters that can be read as either a consonant or a vowel, namely the letters {{script/Arabic| و }} (''waw'') (equivalent to Cyrillic letter "В" or to letters "О, Оь, У, Уь") and {{script/Arabic| ی }} (''yāʼ'') (equivalent to Cyrillic letter "Й" or to letter "И"). The overbar signified a vowel use when needed to avoid confusions. This modification did not persist in the Chechen alphabet. Thus, the 1910 iteration of the Arabic script continued being used until 1920.<ref name="chentieva" />

In 1920, two Chechen literaturists, A. Tugaev and T. Eldarkhanov, published a document. In this document they proposed new modifications, which were the addition of two new consonants:<ref name="chentieva" />

# The letter {{script/Arabic| څ }}, equivalent to Cyrillic letter "Чӏ" and representing the sound {{IPA| /t͡ʃʼ/}}.
#* This letter was later revised to {{script/Arabic| ڃ }}
#* Thus the letter {{script/Arabic| چ }} was reduced to only representing the sound {{IPA| /tʃ/}}, equivalent to Cyrillic letter "Ч";
# The letter {{script/Arabic| ڗ }}, equivalent to Cyrillic letter "Цӏ" and representing the sound {{IPA| /tsʼ/}};
#* Thus the letter {{script/Arabic| ر̤ }} ([[File:Reh with two dots below.svg|6px]]) was reduced to only representing the sound {{IPA| /ts/}}, equivalent to Cyrillic letter "Ц";

These modifications by A. Tugaev and T. Eldarkhanov were a great final step in creating a modified Arabic script that represents Chechen consonants. However, the Arabic alphabet still was not suitable in representing Chechen vowel sounds. Arabic script itself is an impure [[abjad]], meaning that most but not all vowels are shown with [[Arabic diacritics|diacritics]], which are in most cases left unwritten. The process of transforming Arabic script into a full alphabet for use by a non-Arabic language has been a common occurrence, and has been done in [[Uyghur Arabic alphabet|Uyghur]], [[Kazakh alphabets|Kazakh]], [[Sorani alphabet|Kurdish]] and several more Arabic-derived scripts.

Thus a final revision on Chechen Arabic script occurred, in which vowel sounds were standardized.

{| class="wikitable" style="table-layout:fixed;width:70%;text-align:center;"
|-
| colspan="6" bgcolor="#EFEFEF"| '''Vowel as first sound of word'''
|-
! А а || Аь аь || Е е<br>Э э || И и || О о<br>Оь оь || У у<br>Уь уь
|- dir="rtl"
| colspan="2" | <span style="font-size:120%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|آ}}</span>
| <span style="font-size:120%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|اە}}</span>
| <span style="font-size:120%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|ایـ / ای}}</span>
| <span style="font-size:120%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|اوٓ}}</span>
| <span style="font-size:120%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|او}}</span>
|-
| colspan="6" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | '''Vowel as middle and final sound of word'''
|- dir="rtl"
| <span style="font-size:120%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|ـا / ا / ـآ / آ}}</span>
| <span style="font-size:120%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|ـا / ا}}</span>
| <span style="font-size:120%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|ـە / ە}}</span>
| <span style="font-size:120%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|ـیـ / یـ / ـی / ی}}</span>
| <span style="font-size:120%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|ـوٓ / وٓ}}</span>
| <span style="font-size:120%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|ـو / و}}</span>
|-
| A a<Br>Ə ə || Ä ä || E e || I i || O o<br>Ö ö || U u<br>Ü ü
|}

Table below lists the 41 letters of the final iteration of Chechen Arabic Alphabet, as published by Chechen Authorities at the time, prior to 1925, their IPA values, and their Cyrillic equivalents.

{|class="wikitable Unicode" dir="rtl"
|+ Chechen Arabic alphabet (Pre-1925)<ref>Чеченская азбука - نوٓخچیی آلفبٰا (Нохчий алфба) (1925) https://archive.org/details/chechen-abat/page/n27/mode/2up</ref>
|-
! Arabic<br><small>(Cyrillic equivalent)</small><br><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]<nowiki>]</nowiki>
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|آ / ا}}</span><br><small>‌( А а / Аь аь )</small><br>{{IPAblink|ɑ}}/{{IPAblink|ɑː}}/{{IPAblink|æ}}/{{IPAblink|æː}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ب}}</span><br><small>‌(Б б)</small><br>{{IPAblink|b}} 
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ت}}</span><br><small>‌(Т т)</small><br>{{IPAblink|t}} 
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#FFEFD5" | <span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ث}}</span><br><small>‌(С с)</small><br>{{IPAblink|s}}‍
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ج}}</span><br><small>‌(Ж ж)</small><br>{{IPAblink|ʒ}}/{{IPAblink|d͡ʒ}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ح}}</span><br><small>‌(Хь хь)</small><br>{{IPAblink|ħ}}
|-
! Arabic<br><small>(Cyrillic equivalent)</small><br><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]<nowiki>]</nowiki>
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|خ}}</span><br><small>‌(Х х)</small><br>{{IPAblink|x}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|چ}}</span><br><small>‌(Ч ч)</small><br>{{IPAblink|t͡ʃ}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ڃ}}</span><br><small>‌(ЧӀ чӀ)</small><br>{{IPAblink|t͡ʃʼ}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|د}}</span><br><small>‌(Д д)</small><br>{{IPAblink|d}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#FFEFD5" | <span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ذ}}</span><br><small>‌(З з)</small><br>{{IPAblink|z}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ر}}</span><br><small>‌(Р р)</small><br>{{IPAblink|r}}
|-
! Arabic<br><small>(Cyrillic equivalent)</small><br><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]<nowiki>]</nowiki>
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ز}}</span><br><small>‌(З з)</small><br>{{IPAblink|z}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ر̤}}</span> ([[File:Reh with two dots below.svg|6px]])<br><small>‌(Ц ц)</small><br>{{IPAblink|t͡s}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ڗ}}</span><br><small>‌(ЦӀ цӀ)</small><br>{{IPAblink|t͡sʼ}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|س}}</span><br><small>‌(С с)</small><br>{{IPAblink|s}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ش}}</span><br><small>‌(Ш ш)</small><br>{{IPAblink|ʃ}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#FFEFD5" | <span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ص}}</span><br><small>‌(S s)</small><br>{{IPAblink|s}}
|-
! Arabic<br><small>(Cyrillic equivalent)</small><br><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]<nowiki>]</nowiki>
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#FFEFD5" | <span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ض}}</span><br><small>‌(З з)</small><br>{{IPAblink|z}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ط}}</span><br><small>‌(ТӀ тӀ)</small><br>{{IPAblink|tʼ}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#FFEFD5" | <span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ظ}}</span><br><small>‌(З з)</small><br>{{IPAblink|z}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ع}}</span><br><small>‌(Ӏ ӏ)</small><br>{{IPAblink|ʕ}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|غ}}</span><br><small>‌(ГӀ гӀ)</small><br>{{IPAblink|ɣ}} 
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ف}}</span><br><small>‌(П п / Ф ф)</small><br>{{IPAblink|p}}/{{IPAblink|f}} 
|-
! Arabic<br><small>(Cyrillic equivalent)</small><br><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]<nowiki>]</nowiki>
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ڢ}}</span><br><small>‌(ПӀ пӀ)</small><br>{{IPAblink|pʼ}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ق}}</span><br><small>‌(Кх кх)</small><br>{{IPAblink|q}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ڨ<br><small>‌(Къ къ)</small><br>{{IPAblink|qʼ}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ک}}</span><br><small>‌(К к)</small><br>{{IPAblink|k}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|گ}}</span><br><small>‌(Г г)</small><br>{{IPAblink|g}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ࢰ}}</span><br><small>‌(КӀ кӀ)</small><br>{{IPAblink|kʼ}}
|-
! Arabic<br><small>(Cyrillic equivalent)</small><br><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]<nowiki>]</nowiki>
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ل}}</span><br><small>‌(Л л)</small><br>{{IPAblink|l}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|م}}</span><br><small>‌(М м)</small><br>{{IPAblink|m}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ن}}</span><br><small>‌(Н н)</small><br>{{IPAblink|n}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|و}}</span><br><small>‌(В в)</small><br>{{IPAblink|v}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|او / و}}</span><br><small>‌(У у / Уь уь)</small><br>{{IPAblink|y}}/{{IPAblink|u}} 
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|اوٓ / وٓ}}</span><br><small>‌(О о / Оь оь)</small><br>{{IPAblink|o}}/{{IPAblink|ɔː}}/{{IPAblink|ø}} 	 	
|-
! Arabic<br><small>(Cyrillic equivalent)</small><br><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]<nowiki>]</nowiki>
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ھ}}</span><br><small>‌(ХӀ хӀ)</small><br>{{IPAblink|h}} 
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|اە / ە}}</span><br><small>‌(Е е / Э э)</small><br>{{IPAblink|e}}/{{IPAblink|ɛː}} 
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ی}}</span><br><small>‌(Й й)</small><br>{{IPAblink|j}} 
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ای / ی}}</span><br><small>‌(	И и)</small><br>{{IPAblink|i}} 
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ئ}}</span><br><small>‌(Ъ ъ)</small><br>{{IPAblink|ʔ}}
|}

===Comparison chart===

The single letters and digraphs that count as separate letters of the alphabet, along with their correspondences, are as follows. Those in parentheses are optional or only found in Russian words:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Cyrillic
! Latin<br>(1992–2000)
! Latin<br>(1925–1938)
! Arabic<br>(1922–1925)
! IPA
|-
| А а||A a, Ə ə||A a||آ||/ɑ/, /ɑː/
|-
|[[Аь]] аь||Ä ä||Ä ä||ا||/æ/, /æː/
|-
|Б б||B b||B b||ب||/b/
|-
|В в||V v||V v||و||/v/
|-
|Г г||G g||G g||گ||/g/
|-
|Гӏ гӏ||Ġ ġ||Gh gh||غ|||/ɣ/
|-
|Д д||D d||D d||د||/d/
|-
|Е е||E e, Ie ie, Ye ye||E e, Je je||ە||/e/, /ɛː/, /je/, /ie/
|-
|Ё ё||Yo yo||—||یوٓ||/jo/
|-
|Ж ж||Ƶ ƶ||Ž ž||ج||/ʒ/, /dʒ/
|-
|З з||Z z||Z z||ز||/z/, /dz/
|-
|И и||I i||I i||ای||/i/
|-
|Й й||Y y||J j||ی||/j/
|-
|К к||K k||K k||ک||/k/
|-
|Кх кх||Q q||Q q||ق||/q/
|-
|Къ къ||Q̇ q̇||Qh qh||ڨ||/qʼ/
|-
|Кӏ кӏ||Kh kh||Kh kh||ࢰ||/kʼ/
|-
|Л л||L l||L l||ل||/l/
|-
|М м||M m||M m||م||/m/
|-
|Н н||N n, Ŋ ŋ||N n, Ŋ ŋ||ن||/n/, /ŋ/
|-
|О о||O o, Uo uo||O o||اوٓ||/o/, /ɔː/, /wo/, /uo/
|-
|[[Оь]] оь||Ö ö||Ö ö||اوٓ||/ø/, /yø/
|-
|П п||P p||P p||ف||/p/
|-
|Пӏ пӏ||Ph ph||Ph ph||ڢ||/pʼ/
|-
|Р р||R r||R r||ر||/r/
|-
|С с||S s||S s||س||/s/
|-
|Т т||T t||T t||ت||/t/
|-
|Тӏ тӏ||Th th||Th th||ط||/tʼ/
|-
|У у||U u||U u||او||/u/
|-
|[[Уь]] уь||Ü ü||Ü ü||او||/y/
|-
|Ф ф||F f||F f||ف||/f/
|-
|Х х||X x||X x||خ||/x/
|-
|Хь хь||Ẋ ẋ||X̌ x̌ (Ꜧ ꜧ)||ح||/ħ/
|-
|Хӏ хӏ||H h||H h||ھ||/h/
|-
|Ц ц||C c||C c||ر̤ [[File:Reh with two dots below.svg|6px]] ||/ts/
|-
|Цӏ цӏ||Ċ ċ||Ch ch||ڗ||/tsʼ/
|-
|Ч ч||Ç ç||Č č||چ||/t͡ʃ/
|-
|Чӏ чӏ||Ç̇ ç̇||Čh čh||ڃ||/t͡ʃʼ/
|-
|Ш ш||Ş ş||Š š||ش||/ʃ/
|-
|(Щ щ)||Şç şç||Šč šč||—||
|-
|(Ъ ъ)||'||—||ئ||/ʔ/
|-
|(Ы ы)||i||—||—||
|-
|(Ь ь)|| ||—||—||
|-
|Э э||E e||E e||اە||/e/
|-
|Ю ю||Yu yu||Ju ju||یو||/ju/
|-
|Юь юь||Yü yü||Jü jü||یو||/jy/
|-
|Я я||Ya ya||Ja ja||یا||/ja/
|-
|Яь яь||Yä yä||Jä jä||یا||/jæ/
|-
|[[Ӏ|Ӏ ӏ]]||J j||Y y||ع||/ʕ/
|}

In addition, several sequences of letters for long vowels and consonants, while not counted as separate letters in their own right, are presented here to clarify their correspondences:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Cyrillic
! Name
! Arabic<br />(before 1925)
! Modern<br />Latin<ref name="BGN/PCGN" />
! Name
! IPA
|-
|[[Ий]] ий|| ||یی||Iy iy || ||{{IPA|/iː/}}
|-
|[[Кк]] кк|| ||کک||Kk kk|| ||{{IPA|/kː/}}
|-
|[[Ккх]] ккх|| ||قق||Qq qq|| ||{{IPA|/qː/}}
|-
|[[Ов]] ов||ов||وٓو||Ov ov||ov||{{IPA|/ɔʊ/}}
|-
|[[Пп]] пп|| ||فف||Pp pp|| ||{{IPA|/pː/}}
|-
|[[Рхӏ]] рхӏ|| ||رھ||Rh rh|| ||{{IPA|/r̥/}}
|-
|[[Сс]] сс|| ||سس||Ss ss|| ||{{IPA|/sː/}}
|-
|[[Тт]] тт|| ||تت||Tt tt|| ||{{IPA|/tː/}}
|-
|[[Ув]] ув|| ||وو||Uv uv || ||{{IPA|/uː/}}
|-
|[[Уьй]] уьй||уьй||و||Üy üy||üy||{{IPA|/yː/}}
|}

====Notes====
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}