Editing Chess opening (section)

===Other Black responses to 1.d4===
{{Main article|Semi-Closed Game}}
Of the defenses to 1.d4 other than 1...d5 and 1...Nf6, the most important are the [[Dutch Defense]] and the [[Benoni Defense]].
The Dutch, an aggressive defense adopted for a time by World Champions [[Alexander Alekhine|Alekhine]] and [[Mikhail Botvinnik|Botvinnik]], and played by both Botvinnik and challenger [[David Bronstein]] in their 1951 [[World Chess Championship|world championship match]], is still played occasionally at the top level by [[Nigel Short|Short]] and others. Another fairly common opening is the [[Benoni Defense]], which may become very wild if it develops into the [[Modern Benoni]], though other variations are more solid.

Several other uncommon semi-closed openings have been named and studied, see [[Semi-Closed Game]] for details.
* 1.d4 c5 [[Benoni Defense]]
* 1.d4 f5 [[Dutch Defense]]