Editing Cluj-Napoca (section)

===20th century===
[[File:1915 Kolozsvar 30filler paire Transylvania.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Pair of [[Postage stamps and postal history of Hungary|Hungarian postage stamps]] cancelled at Kolozsvár in 1915]]
[[File:Piața unirii Cluj Napoca.jpg|thumb|The New York Palace, nowadays the Continental Hotel]]
[[File:Cluj la 1930, Vedere Aeriana.jpg|thumb|Central Cluj in 1930]]
[[File:Casa Cluj.jpg|thumb|King Ferdinand Street]]
[[File:Kolozsvár.jpg|thumb|City plan of Kolozsvár, 1913]]
In the autumn of 1918, as World War I drew to a close, Cluj became a centre of revolutionary activity, headed by [[Amos Frâncu]]. On 28 October 1918, Frâncu made an appeal for the organisation of the "union of all Romanians".<ref name="Lazarovici et al-4">Lazarovici ''et al.'' 1997, p. 207 (6.4 Cluj in Modern Times)</ref> Thirty-nine delegates were elected from Cluj to attend the proclamation of the [[Union of Transylvania with Romania|union of Transylvania with the Kingdom of Romania]] in the [[Great National Assembly of Alba Iulia|Great National Assembly]] of [[Alba Iulia]] on 1 December 1918;<ref name="Lazarovici et al-4"/> the transfer of sovereignty was formalised by the [[Treaty of Trianon]] in June 1920.<ref>Brubaker et al. 2006, p.68</ref> The [[Interwar period|interwar years]] saw the new authorities embark on a "Romanianisation" campaign: a [[Capitoline Wolf Statue, Cluj-Napoca|Capitoline Wolf statue]] donated by Rome was set up in 1921; in 1932 a plaque written by historian [[Nicolae Iorga]] was placed on [[Matthias Corvinus]]'s statue, emphasising his Romanian paternal ancestry; and construction of an imposing [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]] cathedral began, in a city where only about a tenth of the inhabitants belonged to the Orthodox state church.<ref name="Brubaker et al-3">Brubaker et al. 2006, pp. 100–1</ref> This endeavour had only mixed results: by 1939, Hungarians still dominated local economic and (to a certain extent) cultural life: for instance, Cluj had five Hungarian daily newspapers and just one in Romanian.<ref name="Brubaker et al-3"/>

In 1940, Cluj, along with the rest of [[Northern Transylvania]], became part of [[Miklós Horthy]]'s Hungary through the [[Second Vienna Award]] arbitrated by [[Nazi Germany]] and [[Kingdom of Italy#Fascist regime (1922–1943)|Fascist Italy]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hupchick |first=Dennis P. |url=https://archive.org/details/conflictchaosine00hupc/page/91 |title=Conflict and Chaos in Eastern Europe |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=1995 |isbn=0-312-12116-4 |location=London |page=[https://archive.org/details/conflictchaosine00hupc/page/91 91] |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref name="Lazarovici et al-11"/><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sulzberger |first=C.L. |date=12 July 1940 |title=Hungarians' Army Marches into Cluj; Receives a Frenzied Welcome from Magyars in Former Rumanian Territory, but Atmosphere is Tense; Officers of Occupying Troops Charge that 12 Were Slain by Retreating Force |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1940/09/12/archives/hungarians-army-marches-into-cluj-receives-a-frenzied-welcome-from.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703133925/https://www.nytimes.com/1940/09/12/archives/hungarians-army-marches-into-cluj-receives-a-frenzied-welcome-from.html |archive-date=3 July 2018 |access-date=2008-03-15 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> After the Germans occupied Hungary in March 1944 and installed a puppet government under [[Döme Sztójay]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Peter Kenez |url=http://assets.cambridge.org/052185/766X/excerpt/052185766X_excerpt.htm |title=Hungary from the Nazis to the Soviets – the establishment of the Communist regime in Hungary, 1944–1948 |date=May 2006 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-85766-X |access-date=2008-03-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100821073742/http://assets.cambridge.org/052185/766X/excerpt/052185766X_excerpt.htm |archive-date=21 August 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Evans |first=Richard J. |url=https://archive.org/details/lyingabouthitler00evan |title=Lying About Hitler: History, Holocaust, and the David Irving Trial |publisher=Basic Books |year=2001 |isbn=0-465-02153-0 |location=London |page=[https://archive.org/details/lyingabouthitler00evan/page/95 95] |url-access=registration}}</ref> they forced large-scale [[Antisemitism|antisemitic]] measures in the city. The headquarters of the local [[Gestapo]] were located in the New York Hotel. That May, the authorities began the relocation of the Jews to the [[Kolozsvár Ghetto|Iris ghetto]].<ref name="Lazarovici et al-11">Lazarovici et al. 1997, pp. 140–41 (5.2 Dictatul de la Viena – 30 August 1940)</ref> Liquidation of the 16,148 captured Jews occurred through six deportations to [[Auschwitz]] in May–June 1944.<ref name="Lazarovici et al-11"/> Despite facing severe sanctions from the Hungarian administration, some Jews escaped across the border to Romania, with the assistance of intellectuals such as [[Emil Hațieganu]], [[Raoul Șorban]], Aurel Socol and [[Dezső Miskolczy]], as well as various peasants from Mănăștur.<ref name="Lazarovici et al-11"/>

On 11 October 1944 the city was captured by [[Romanian Army|Romanian]] and [[Red Army|Soviet]] troops.<ref name="Lazarovici et al-11"/><ref>{{Cite news |date=12 October 1944 |title=Russians Smash on; Memel Reported Cut Off as New Drive Reaches German Frontier; Szeged, Cluj Seized; Soviet Tanks Cross Tisza, Menacing Budapest; Berlin Admits Russians Smash on Near East Prussia |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1944/10/12/archives/russians-smash-on-memel-reported-cut-off-as-new-drive-reaches.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703081245/https://www.nytimes.com/1944/10/12/archives/russians-smash-on-memel-reported-cut-off-as-new-drive-reaches.html |archive-date=3 July 2018 |access-date=2008-03-15 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> It was formally restored to the [[Kingdom of Romania]] by the [[Paris Peace Treaties, 1947|Treaty of Paris]] in 1947. On 24 January 6 March and 10 May 1946, the Romanian students, who had come back to Cluj after the restoration of northern Transylvania, rose against the claims of autonomy made by nostalgic Hungarians and the new way of life imposed by the Soviets, resulting in clashes and street fights.<ref>Lazarovici et al. 1997, p. 213 (6.5 Cluj in Modern Times)</ref>

The [[Hungarian Revolution of 1956]] produced a powerful echo within the city; there was a real possibility that demonstrations by students sympathising with their peers across the border could escalate into an uprising.<ref>Lazarovici et al. 1997, p. 153 (5.3 Perioada totalitarismului)</ref><ref>Johanna Granville, [https://www.scribd.com/doc/13734484/Romanian-Students-Reactions-to-the-Hungarian-Revolution-of-1956 "If Hope is Sin, Then We Are All Guilty: Romanian Students' Reactions to the Hungarian Revolution and Soviet Intervention, 1956–1958] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120918132850/http://www.scribd.com/doc/13734484/Romanian-Students-Reactions-to-the-Hungarian-Revolution-of-1956 |date=18 September 2012}}", ''Carl Beck Paper'', no. 1905 (April 2008): 1–78.</ref> The protests provided the Romanian authorities with a pretext to speed up the process of "unification" of the local Babeș (Romanian) and Bolyai (Hungarian) universities,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ludanyi |first=Andrew |date=June 2006 |title=The Impact of 1956 on the Hungarians of Transylvania |journal=Hungarian Studies |publisher=Akadémiai Kiadó |volume=20 |issue=1 |page=93 |doi=10.1556/HStud.20.2006.1.9}}</ref> allegedly contemplated before the 1956 events.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kálmán |first=Aniszi |title=A Bolyai Tudományegyetem utolsó esztendeje: Beszélgetés dr. Sebestyén Kálmánnal |date=March 1999 |publisher=Hitel, XII, No. 3 |page=83}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=A romániai magyar fõiskolai oktatás: Múlt, jelen, jövõ |publisher=Jelenlét Alkotó Társaság |year=1990 |location=Cluj/Kolozsvár |page=21}}</ref> Hungarians remained the majority of the city's population until the 1960s. Then Romanians began to outnumber Hungarians,<ref name="Varga">{{Cite web |last=Varga |first=E. Árpád |title=Erdély etnikai és felekezeti statisztikája (1850–1992) |trans-title=Ethnic and denominational statistics of Transylvania (1850–1992) |url=http://varga.adatbank.transindex.ro/?pg=3&action=etnik&id=5290 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128000722/http://varga.adatbank.transindex.ro/?pg=3&action=etnik&id=5290 |archive-date=28 January 2022 |access-date=2008-03-16 |language=hu}}</ref> due to the population increase as a result of the government's forced industrialisation of the city and new jobs.<ref name="Lazarovici et al-3">Lazarovici et al. 1997, pp. 154,159 (5.3 Perioada totalitarismului)</ref> During the [[Socialist Republic of Romania|Communist period]], the city recorded a high industrial development, as well as enforced construction expansion.<ref name="Lazarovici et al-3" /> On 16 October 1974, when the city celebrated 1850 years since its first mention as Napoca, the [[Socialist Republic of Romania|Communist government]] changed the name of the city by adding "Napoca" to it.<ref name="National Institute of Statistics"/>