Editing Collective action (section)

====Clubs====
Some institutional design, e.g., [[Intellectual property|intellectual property rights]], can introduce an exclusion mechanism and turn a pure [[Public good (economics)|public good]] into an impure public good artificially.

If the costs of the exclusion mechanism are not higher than the gain from the [[collaboration]], clubs can emerge.  [[James M. Buchanan]] showed in his seminal paper that clubs can be an efficient alternative to government interventions.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Buchanan|first=James M.|title=An Economic Theory of Clubs|journal=Economica|year=1965|volume=32|pages=1–14|jstor=2552442|doi=10.2307/2552442|issue=125}}</ref>

A [[nation]] can be seen as a club whose members are its citizens. Government would then be the manager of this club.