Editing Common crane (section)

==Population and conservation==
In 2015, the global population was estimated to be about 500,000 individuals.<ref name=iucn/> The vast majority of pairs nest in Russia, Finland (30–40,000 pairs in 2009<ref>{{cite book | last1=Valkama | first1=J. | last2=Vepsäläinen | first2=V. | last3=Lehikoinen | first3=A. | title=Suomen 3. lintuatlaksen (2006-2010) tulokset | url=https://cdn.laji.fi/files/birdatlas/lintuatlas3koko.pdf | year=2011 | publisher=[[Finnish Museum of Natural History]] and [[Ministry of the Environment (Finland)|Finland's Ministry of the Environment]] | access-date=16 January 2023 | isbn=978-952-10-6918-5 }}</ref>) and Sweden ({{circa}} 30,000 pairs in 2012<ref>{{cite web| title=Storfågelkunskap: Trana | url=https://www.slu.se/centrumbildningar-och-projekt/viltskadecenter/stod-i-viltforvaltningen/storfagelkunskap-for-tjansteman/storfagelkunskap-trana/ | date=28 January 2022 | publisher=[[Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences]] | access-date=16 January 2023 }}</ref>). On the fringes of its range, it has often become rare or even been [[extirpated]], but in several European countries this trend has been reversed and overall the European population is increasing.<ref name=iucn/>

In the early 20th century, it was considered rare in Poland, but gradually began to increase and this has accelerated since the 1980s. In 2010–2012, the Polish population was estimated to number 20–22,000 pairs.<ref>{{cite journal| last1=Chodkiewicz | first1=T. | display-authors=etal | title=Ocena liczebności populacji ptaków lęgowych w Polsce w latach 2008–2012 | url=http://www.ornis-polonica.pl/_pdf/OP_2015_3_149-189.pdf | journal=Ornis Polonica | volume=56 | pages=149–189 }}</ref> Norway had 3–5,000 pairs in 2015 and Estonia had 5,800 pairs in 1999, with both increasing.<ref>{{cite web| title=Trane Grus grus (Linnaeus, 1758) | url=https://artsdatabanken.no/lister/rodlisteforarter/2021/8339 | date=24 November 2021 | publisher=Artsdatabanken | access-date=16 January 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| last1=Leito | first1=A. | last2=Truu | first2=J. | last3=Leivits | first3=A. | last4=Ojaste | first4=I. | title=Changes in distribution and numbers of the breeding population of the Crane Grus grus in Estonia | year=2003 | journal=Ornis Fennica | volume=80 | pages=159–171 }}</ref> The German breeding population increased from 700 pairs in 1978 to more than 10,000 pairs in 2017, which is still a fraction of the size of the numbers that once bred in the country. After having disappeared as a breeding bird decades earlier, the species began breeding again in France in 2000 and in 2017 there were more than 20 pairs. In Denmark, the common crane returned as a breeder in 1953, about a century after it had disappeared. Numbers remained extremely low, less than 5 pairs, until the 1990s when a rapid increase began; in 2022 there were at least 750 pairs in Denmark.<ref>{{cite web| title=Danmarks bestand af traner på vej mod 1.000 ynglepar | url=https://www.dof.dk/om-dof/nyheder?nyhed_id=2091 | date=20 August 2022 | publisher=[[Danish Ornithological Society]] | access-date=16 January 2023 }}</ref> In the Netherlands, the species disappeared as a breeding bird centuries ago, but it returned in 2001 and by 2020 there were about 40 pairs in the country.<ref>{{cite web| title=Kraanvogel | url=https://www.vogelbescherming.nl/ontdek-vogels/kennis-over-vogels/vogelgids/vogel/kraanvogel | date=20 August 2022 | publisher=[[Vogelbescherming Nederland]] | access-date=16 January 2023 }}</ref> The common crane returned to the Czech Republic as a breeder in 1981 and by 2004 it had increased to 35 pairs.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Kondělka | first1=D. | last2=Petro | first2=R. | year=2008 | title=Prvé známé případy prokázaného hnízdění jeřába popelavého (Grus grus) na Moravě a ve Slezsku | journal=Sylvia | volume=44 | pages=67–68 }}</ref> In 2009, the species again began to breed in Slovakia,<ref name="IUCN SSC"/> and in Austria it returned as a breeding bird in 2018 after having disappeared in 1885.<ref>{{cite news| title=Bild der Woche: Naturspektakel Kranichzug | url=https://www.wwf.at/bild-der-woche-naturspektakel-kranichzug/ | date=9 November 2022 | publisher=WWF Austria | access-date=17 January 2023 }}</ref> Although large numbers winter in Spain, the last breeding in the country had been in 1954. In 2017, a pair that had been released after being rehabilitated bred in Spain.<ref>{{cite web| title=Primera reproducción de grulla común -Grus grus- en España | url=https://www.grusextremadura.org/primera-reproduccion-de-la-grulla-comun-grus-grus-en-espana/ | date=9 August 2017 | publisher=GrusExtremadura | access-date=16 January 2023 }}</ref> It was extirpated as a breeder from Italy around 1920 and Hungary by 1952, and it also used to breed in the [[Balkans]]; significant numbers still pass through these countries during migration.<ref name="IUCN SSC"/><ref name=Johnsgard1983/><ref>{{cite journal | last1=Mingozzi | first1=T. | display-authors=etal | title=Autumn migration of Common Cranes Grus grus through the Italian Peninsula: new vs. historical flyways and their meteorological correlate | year=2013 | journal=Acta Ornithologica | volume=48 | issue=2 | pages=165–177 | doi=10.3161/000164513X678810 | s2cid=55629395 }}</ref>

In the United Kingdom, the common crane became extirpated in the 17th century, but a small and increasing population now breeds again in the [[Norfolk Broads]]<ref name="norfolkwildlifetrust" /> and a reintroduction began in 2010 in the [[Somerset levels]]. A total of 93 birds were released between 2010 and 2014 as part of the reintroduction effort, and there are now 180 resident birds in the UK. In 2016, a wild crane was born in [[Wales]] for the first time in over 400 years.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Where are we at? {{!}} The Great Crane Project|url=http://www.thegreatcraneproject.org.uk/project/where-are-we-now|access-date=2021-02-06|website=www.thegreatcraneproject.org.uk}}</ref> In 2021, the British population had increased to 72 pairs.<ref name="Ireland BBC 2022"/> In the Republic of Ireland, several visiting flocks were observed in the 2000s and in 2021 a pair managed to breed for the first time on the island in 300 years.<ref name="Ireland BBC 2022">{{cite news| title=More crane chicks born in Ireland after 300-year absence | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cw98ee8wd84o | date=11 July 2022 | publisher=BBC | access-date=16 January 2023 }}</ref>

The main threat to the species and the primary reason for its decline comes from [[habitat loss]] and [[habitat degradation|degradation]], as a result of [[dam]] construction, [[urbanisation]], [[agricultural expansion]],<ref name="Alonso2018" /> and [[drainage]] of [[wetlands]]. Although it has adapted to human settlement in many areas, nest disturbance, continuing changes in [[land use]], and collision with utility lines are still potential problems. Further threats may include persecution due to crop damage, [[pesticide poisoning]], egg collection, and hunting.<ref name="birdlife" /><ref name="HBW" /> The common crane is one of the species to which the ''Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds'' ([[AEWA]]) applies.