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Cosmic ray visual phenomena
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===ALFMED experiment=== [[File:Apollo 17 ALFMED AS17-162-24080HR-et-078HR.jpg|thumb|320px|Apollo 17 astronaut [[Ronald Evans (astronaut)|Ron Evans]] wearing the ALFMED light-flash detector during the outbound flight from Earth]] During the [[Apollo 16]] and [[Apollo 17]] transits, astronauts conducted the [[Apollo Light Flash Moving Emulsion Detector]] (ALFMED) experiment where an astronaut wore a helmet designed to capture the tracks of cosmic ray particles to determine if they coincided with the visual observation. Examination of the results showed that two of fifteen tracks coincided with observation of the flashes. These results in combination with considerations for geometry and [[Monte Carlo method|Monte Carlo estimations]] led researchers to conclude that the visual phenomena were indeed caused by cosmic rays.<ref name="ALFMED">{{cite web|url=http://ares.jsc.nasa.gov/HumanExplore/Exploration/EXLibrary/docs/ApolloCat/Part2/ALFMED.htm |title=Experiment: Light Flashes Experiment Package (Apollo light flash moving emulsion detector) |series=Experiment Operation During Apollo IVA at 0-g |publisher=[[NASA]] |date=2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140511163326/http://ares.jsc.nasa.gov/HumanExplore/Exploration/EXLibrary/docs/ApolloCat/Part2/ALFMED.htm |archive-date=11 May 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Osborne1975">{{cite book |chapter-url=https://history.nasa.gov/SP-368/s4ch2.htm |chapter=Apollo Light Flash Investigations |title=Biomedical Results of Apollo |publisher=NASA |first1=W. Zachary |last1=Osborne |first2=Lawrence S. |last2=Pinsky |first3=J. Vernon |last3=Bailey |editor1-first=Richard S. |editor1-last=Johnston |editor2-first=Lawrence F. |editor2-last=Dietlein |editor3-first=Charles A. |editor3-last=Berry |date=1975 |volume=NASA-SP-368 |id=NASA SP-368}}</ref>
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