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Crew resource management
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===Healthcare=== Elements of CRM have been applied in US healthcare since the late 1990s, specifically in infection prevention. For example, the "central line bundle" of best practices recommends using a checklist when inserting a [[central venous catheter]]. The observer checking off the checklist is usually lower-ranking than the person inserting the catheter. The observer is encouraged to communicate when elements of the bundle are not executed; for example if a breach in sterility has occurred.<ref>Institute for Healthcare improvement. Central Line Bundle. available at http://app.ihi.org/imap/tool/#Process=e876565d-fd43-42ce-8340-8643b7e675c7, retrieved 7-18-13 and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Guidelines for the Prevention of Intravascular Catheter-Related Infections, 2011. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/hicpac/pdf/guidelines/bsi-guidelines-2011.pdf, retrieved 7-18-13</ref> ====TeamSTEPPS==== The [[Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality]] (AHRQ), a division of the United States [[Department of Health and Human Services]], also provides training based on CRM principles to healthcare teams. This training, called Team Strategies and Tools to Enhance Performance and Patient Safety (TeamSTEPPS), and the program is currently{{when|date=February 2021}} being implemented in hospitals, long-term care facilities, and primary care clinics around the world.<ref name=":3">U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Agency for Healthcare Quality and Research; http://teamstepps.ahrq.gov/aboutnationalIP.htm</ref> TeamSTEPPs was designed to improve patient safety by teaching healthcare providers how to better collaborate with each other by using tools such as huddles, debriefs, handoffs, and check-backs.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last1=Stewart|first1=Greg L.|last2=Manges|first2=Kirstin A.|last3=Ward|first3=Marcia M.|title=Empowering Sustained Patient Safety|journal=Journal of Nursing Care Quality|volume=30|issue=3|pages=240β246|doi=10.1097/ncq.0000000000000103|pmid=25479238|year=2015|s2cid=5613563}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> Implementing TeamSTEPPS has been shown to improve patient safety.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sawyer|first1=Taylor|last2=Laubach|first2=Vickie Ann|last3=Hudak|first3=Joseph|last4=Yamamura|first4=Kelli|last5=Pocrnich|first5=Amber|date=2013-01-01|title=Improvements in Teamwork During Neonatal Resuscitation After Interprofessional TeamSTEPPS Training|journal=Neonatal Network|volume=32|issue=1|pages=26β33|doi=10.1891/0730-0832.32.1.26|pmid=23318204|s2cid=9468204}}</ref> There is evidence TeamSTEPPS interventions are difficult to implement and are not universally effective.<ref name=":4" /> There are strategies healthcare leaders can use to improve their chance of implementation success, such as using coaching, supporting, empowering, and supporting behaviors.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Manges|first1=Kirstin|last2=Scott-Cawiezell|first2=Jill|last3=Ward|first3=Marcia M.|date=2017-01-01|title=Maximizing Team Performance: The Critical Role of the Nurse Leader|journal=Nursing Forum|volume=52|issue=1|pages=21β29|doi=10.1111/nuf.12161|pmid=27194144|issn=1744-6198|doi-access=free}}</ref>
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