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==References== {{reflist|colwidth=30em|refs= <ref name=GaiaDR3>{{Cite Gaia DR3|2059383668236814720}}</ref> <ref name=constellation>{{cite constellation|Cygnus X-1}}</ref> <ref name="NYT-20210218">{{cite news |last=Overbye |first=Dennis |authorlink=Dennis Overbye |title=A Famous Black Hole Gets a Massive Update – Cygnus X-1, one of the first identified black holes, is much weightier than expected, raising new questions about how such objects form |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/18/science/cygnus-black-hole-astronomy.html |date=18 February 2021 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=21 February 2021 }}</ref> <ref name="SCI-20210218">{{Cite journal |last1=Miller-Jones |first1=James C. A. |last2=Bahramian |first2=Arash |display-authors=et al. |date=2021-03-05 |title=Cygnus X-1 contains a 21–solar mass black hole—Implications for massive star winds |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abb3363 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=371 |issue=6533 |pages=1046–1049 |arxiv=2102.09091 |bibcode=2021Sci...371.1046M |doi=10.1126/science.abb3363 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=33602863 |s2cid=231951746}}</ref> <ref name=apj742_2>{{cite journal | last1=Reid | first1=Mark J. | last2=McClintock | first2=Jeffrey E. | last3=Narayan | first3=Ramesh | last4=Gou | first4=Lijun | last5=Remillard | first5=Ronald A. | last6=Orosz | first6=Jerome A. | title=The Trigonometric Parallax of Cygnus X-1 | journal=The Astrophysical Journal | volume=742 | issue=2 | pages=83 |date=December 2011 | doi=10.1088/0004-637X/742/2/83 | bibcode=2011ApJ...742...83R |arxiv = 1106.3688 | s2cid=96429771 }}</ref> <ref name=SIMBAD>{{cite simbad | title=V1357 Cyg | access-date=2008-03-03 }}</ref> <ref name=lob647>{{cite journal | last1=Bregman | first1=J. | last2=Butler | first2=D. | last3=Kemper | first3=E. | last4=Koski | first4=A. | last5=Kraft | first5=R. P. | last6=Stone | first6=R. P. S. | title=Colors, magnitudes, spectral types and distances for stars in the field of the X-ray source Cyg X-1 | journal=Lick Observatory Bulletin | date=1973 | pages=1 | volume=647 | bibcode=1973LicOB..24....1B }}</ref> <ref name=Ramachandran2025>{{Cite journal |last=Ramachandran |first=V. |last2=Sander |first2=A. a. C. |last3=Oskinova |first3=L. M. |last4=Schösser |first4=E. C. |last5=Pauli |first5=D. |last6=Hamann |first6=W.-R. |last7=Mahy |first7=L. |last8=Bernini-Peron |first8=M. |last9=Brigitte |first9=M. |last10=Kubátová |first10=B. |title=Comprehensive UV and optical spectral analysis of Cygnus X-1 - Stellar and wind parameters, abundances, and evolutionary implications |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |language=en |volume=698 |pages=A37 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/202554184 |date=2025-04-08 |arxiv=2504.05885 |issn=0004-6361}}</ref> <ref name=apj321>{{cite journal | last1=Ninkov | first1=Z. | last2=Walker | first2=G. A. H. | last3=Yang | first3=S. | title=The primary orbit and the absorption lines of HDE 226868 (Cygnus X-1) | journal=Astrophysical Journal | date=1987 | volume=321 | pages=425–437 | bibcode=1987ApJ...321..425N | doi=10.1086/165641 | url=http://scholarworks.rit.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2310&context=article | access-date=2018-11-04 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922020837/http://scholarworks.rit.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2310&context=article | archive-date=2017-09-22 | url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name=esa20041105>{{cite web | date=2004-11-05 | publisher=ESA | title=Observations: Seeing in X-ray wavelengths | url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Observations_Seeing_in_X-ray_wavelengths | access-date=2008-08-12 }}</ref> <ref name=lewin_vanderklis2006>{{cite book | first1=Walter | last1=Lewin | last2=Van Der Klis | first2=Michiel | date=2006 | title=Compact Stellar X-ray Sources | publisher=Cambridge University Press | pages=159 | isbn=0-521-82659-4 }}</ref> <ref name=usno2010>{{cite web | title=2010 X-Ray Sources | publisher=U.S. Naval Observatory | work=The Astronomical Almanac | url=http://asa.usno.navy.mil/SecH/Xray.html | access-date=2009-08-04 | archive-date=2010-03-28 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100328235619/http://asa.usno.navy.mil/SecH/Xray.html | url-status=dead }} gives a range of 235–{{val|1320|u=μJy}} at energies of 2–{{val|10|u=kEv}}, where a [[Jansky]] (Jy) is {{val|e=-26|u=Wm<sup>−2</sup> Hz<sup>−1</sup>}}.</ref> <ref name=harko20060628>{{cite web|last=Harko |first=T. |date=June 28, 2006 |url=http://www.physics.hku.hk/~astro/harko_science.html |title=Black Holes |publisher=University of Hong Kong |access-date=2008-03-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090210234214/http://www.physics.hku.hk/~astro/harko_science.html |archive-date=February 10, 2009 }}</ref> <ref name=nayashin_dove1998>{{cite arXiv | last1=Nayakshin | first1=Sergei | first2=James B. | last2=Dove | date=November 3, 1998 | title=X-rays From Magnetic Flares In Cygnus X-1: The Role Of A Transition Layer | eprint=astro-ph/9811059 |mode=cs2}}</ref> <ref name=mdsai76_600>{{cite journal | last1=Gallo | first1=Elena | last2=Fender | first2=Rob | date=2005 | title=Accretion modes and jet production in black hole X-ray binaries | journal=Memorie della Società Astronomica Italiana | volume=76 | pages=600–607 | arxiv=astro-ph/0509172 | bibcode=2005MmSAI..76..600G }}</ref> <ref name=su20040227>{{cite web | date=February 27, 2004 | title=Galaxy Entree or Main Course? | publisher=Swinburne University | url=http://astronomy.swin.edu.au/sao/astronomynews/astronews2004s1.xml | access-date=2008-03-31 }}</ref> <ref name=herbert2002>{{cite book | first=Friedman | last=Herbert | date=2002 | chapter=From the ionosphere to high energy astronomy – a personal experience | title=The Century of Space Science | publisher=Springer | isbn=0-7923-7196-8 }}</ref> <ref name=science3656>{{cite journal | last1=Bowyer | first1=S. | last2=Byram | first2=E. 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Félix | last2=Rodrigues | first2=Irapuan | title=Formation of a Black Hole in the Dark | journal=Science | date=2003 | volume=300 | issue=5622 | pages=1119–1120 | doi=10.1126/science.1083451 | pmid=12714674 | arxiv = astro-ph/0305205 | bibcode = 2003Sci...300.1119M | s2cid=45544180 }}</ref> <ref name=apj167_L15>{{cite journal | last1=Gursky | first1=H. | date=1971 | last2=Gorenstein | first2=P. | last3=Kerr | first3=F. J. | last4=Grayzeck | first4=E. J. | bibcode=1971ApJ...167L..15G | title=The Estimated Distance to Cygnus X-1 Based on its Low-Energy X-Ray Spectrum | journal=Astrophysical Journal | volume=167 | pages=L15 | doi=10.1086/180751 }}</ref> <ref name=goebel>{{cite web | first=Greg | last=Goebel | url=http://www.vectorsite.net/tastgal_07.html | title=7.0 The Milky Way Galaxy | publisher=In The Public Domain | access-date=2008-06-29 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080612014659/http://www.vectorsite.net/tastgal_07.html | archive-date=2008-06-12 | url-status=usurped }}</ref> <ref name=MNRAS358_3_851>{{cite journal | last=Ziółkowski | first=J. | title=Evolutionary constraints on the masses of the components of HDE 226868/Cyg X-1 binary system | journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society | date=2005 | volume=358 | issue=3 | pages=851–859 | arxiv=astro-ph/0501102 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.08796.x | doi-access=free | bibcode=2005MNRAS.358..851Z| s2cid=119334761 }} Note: for radius and luminosity, see Table 1 with ''d''=2 kpc.</ref> <ref name=orosz2011>{{cite journal |last=Orosz |first=Jerome |date=December 1, 2011 |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=742 |issue=2 |pages=84 |title=The Mass of the Black Hole In Cygnus X-1 |doi=10.1088/0004-637X/742/2/84|arxiv = 1106.3689 |bibcode = 2011ApJ...742...84O |s2cid=18732012 }}</ref> <ref name=esa070516>{{cite web | last1=Strohmayer | first1=Tod | date=May 16, 2007 | last2=Shaposhnikov | first2=Nikolai | last3=Schartel | first3=Norbert | url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/New_technique_for_weighing_black_holes | title=New technique for 'weighing' black holes | publisher=[[European Space Agency|ESA]] | access-date=2008-03-10 }}</ref> <ref name=mit20060109>{{cite web | date=January 9, 2006 | url=http://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/news/topstory/2005/blackhole_noreturn.html | title=Scientists find black hole's 'point of no return' | publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology | access-date=2008-03-28 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060113032611/http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2006/blackhole1.html | archive-date = 13 January 2006}}</ref> <ref name=pasp113>{{cite journal | last=Dolan | first=Joseph F. | title=Dying Pulse Trains in Cygnus XR-1: Evidence for an Event Horizon? | journal=The Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific | date=2001 | volume=113 | issue=786 | pages=974–982 | bibcode=2001PASP..113..974D | doi=10.1086/322917 | doi-access=free }}</ref> <ref name=mgmgr10>{{cite journal |bibcode=2006tmgm.meet.1296M |title=Relativistic Iron Lines in Galactic Black Holes:. 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