Editing DNA sequencing (section)

===RNA sequencing===
[[RNA sequencing]] was one of the earliest forms of nucleotide sequencing. The major landmark of RNA sequencing is the sequence of the first complete gene and the complete genome of [[Bacteriophage MS2]], identified and published by [[Walter Fiers]] and his coworkers at the [[University of Ghent]] ([[Ghent]], [[Belgium]]), in 1972<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Min Jou W, Haegeman G, Ysebaert M, Fiers W | title = Nucleotide sequence of the gene coding for the bacteriophage MS2 coat protein | journal = Nature | volume = 237 | issue = 5350 | pages = 82–8 | date = May 1972 | pmid = 4555447 | doi = 10.1038/237082a0 | bibcode = 1972Natur.237...82J | s2cid = 4153893 }}</ref> and 1976.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Fiers W, Contreras R, Duerinck F, Haegeman G, Iserentant D, Merregaert J, Min Jou W, Molemans F, Raeymaekers A, Van den Berghe A, Volckaert G, Ysebaert M | title = Complete nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage MS2 RNA: primary and secondary structure of the replicase gene | journal = Nature | volume = 260 | issue = 5551 | pages = 500–7 | date = April 1976 | pmid = 1264203 | doi = 10.1038/260500a0 | bibcode = 1976Natur.260..500F | s2cid = 4289674 }}</ref> Traditional RNA sequencing methods require the creation of a [[Complementary DNA|cDNA]] molecule which must be sequenced.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ozsolak F, Milos PM | title = RNA sequencing: advances, challenges and opportunities | journal = Nature Reviews Genetics | volume = 12 | issue = 2 | pages = 87–98 | date = February 2011 | pmid = 21191423 | pmc = 3031867 | doi = 10.1038/nrg2934 }}</ref>

==== Traditional RNA Sequencing Methods ====

Traditional RNA sequencing methods involve several steps:

1) '''''Reverse Transcription''''': The first step is to convert the RNA molecule into a complementary DNA (cDNA) molecule using an enzyme called [[reverse transcriptase]].

2) '''''cDNA Synthesis''''': The cDNA molecule is then synthesized through a process called PCR ([[Polymerase Chain Reaction]]), which amplifies the cDNA to produce multiple copies.

3)'''''Sequencing''''': The amplified cDNA is then sequenced using a technique such as [[Sanger sequencing]] or [[Maxam-Gilbert sequencing]].

==== Challenges and Limitations ====

Traditional RNA sequencing methods have several limitations. For example:

They require the creation of a cDNA molecule, which can be time-consuming and labor-intensive.
They are prone to errors and biases, which can affect the accuracy of the sequencing results.
They are limited in their ability to detect rare or low-abundance transcripts.

==== Advances in RNA Sequencing Technology ====

In recent years, advances in RNA sequencing technology have addressed some of these limitations. New methods such as [[next-generation sequencing]] (NGS) and [[single-molecule real-time]] (SMRT) sequencing have enabled faster, more accurate, and more cost-effective sequencing of RNA molecules. These advances have opened up new possibilities for studying gene expression, identifying new genes, and understanding the regulation of gene expression.