Editing Delphi method (section)

=== Use in health settings ===
The Delphi technique is widely used to help reach expert consensus in health-related settings.<ref name="Taylor2020"/> For example, it is frequently employed in the development of [[medical guideline]]s and [[Protocol (science)|protocol]]s.<ref name="Taylor2020">{{cite journal |vauthors=Taylor E |title=We Agree, Don't We? The Delphi Method for Health Environments Research |journal=HERD |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=11–23 |date=2020 |pmid=31887097 |doi=10.1177/1937586719887709 |s2cid=209519275 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1937586719887709|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==== Public health ====

Some examples of its application in [[public health]] contexts include [[metabolic dysfunction–associated steatotic liver disease|non-alcoholic fatty liver disease]],<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lazarus JV, Mark HE, Anstee QM, Arab JP, Batterham RL, Castera L, Cortez-Pinto H, Crespo J, Cusi K, Dirac MA, Francque S, George J, Hagström H, Huang TT, Ismail MH, Kautz A, Sarin SK, Loomba R, Miller V, Newsome PN, Ninburg M, Ocama P, Ratziu V, Rinella M, Romero D, Romero-Gómez M, Schattenberg JM, Tsochatzis EA, Valenti L, Wong VW, Yilmaz Y, Younossi ZM, Zelber-Sagi S | display-authors = 6 | title = Advancing the global public health agenda for NAFLD: a consensus statement | journal = Nature Reviews. Gastroenterology & Hepatology | volume = 19 | issue = 1 | pages = 60–78 | date = January 2022 | pmid = 34707258 | doi = 10.1038/s41575-021-00523-4 | s2cid = 239891445 | doi-access = free | hdl = 11424/243850 | hdl-access = free }}</ref> iodine deficiency disorders,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Schaffner M, Rochau U, Stojkov I, Qerimi Rushaj V, Völzke H, Marckmann G, Lazarus JH, Oberaigner W, Siebert U | display-authors = 6 | title = Barriers Against Prevention Programs for Iodine Deficiency Disorders in Europe: A Delphi Study | journal = Thyroid | volume = 31 | issue = 4 | pages = 649–657 | date = April 2021 | pmid = 32912084 | doi = 10.1089/thy.2020.0065 | s2cid = 221622474 }}</ref> building responsive health systems for communities affected by migration,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Pottie K, Hui C, Rahman P, Ingleby D, Akl EA, Russell G, Ling L, Wickramage K, Mosca D, Brindis CD | display-authors = 6 | title = Building Responsive Health Systems to Help Communities Affected by Migration: An International Delphi Consensus | journal = International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | volume = 14 | issue = 2 | pages = 144 | date = February 2017 | pmid = 28165380 | pmc = 5334698 | doi = 10.3390/ijerph14020144 | doi-access = free }}</ref> the role of health systems in advancing well-being for those living with HIV,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lazarus JV, Safreed-Harmon K, Kamarulzaman A, Anderson J, Leite RB, Behrens G, Bekker LG, Bhagani S, Brown D, Brown G, Buchbinder S, Caceres C, Cahn PE, Carrieri P, Caswell G, Cooke GS, Monforte AD, Dedes N, Del Amo J, Elliott R, El-Sadr WM, Fuster-Ruiz de Apodaca MJ, Guaraldi G, Hallett T, Harding R, Hellard M, Jaffar S, Kall M, Klein M, Lewin SR, Mayer K, Pérez-Molina JA, Moraa D, Naniche D, Nash D, Noori T, Pozniak A, Rajasuriar R, Reiss P, Rizk N, Rockstroh J, Romero D, Sabin C, Serwadda D, Waters L | display-authors = 6 | title = Consensus statement on the role of health systems in advancing the long-term well-being of people living with HIV | journal = Nature Communications | volume = 12 | issue = 1 | pages = 4450 | date = July 2021 | pmid = 34272399 | pmc = 8285468 | doi = 10.1038/s41467-021-24673-w | bibcode = 2021NatCo..12.4450L }}</ref> on policies and interventions to reduce harmful [[gambling]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Regan |first1=Marguerite |last2=Smolar |first2=Maria |last3=Burton |first3=Robyn |last4=Clarke |first4=Zoe |last5=Sharpe |first5=Casey |last6=Henn |first6=Clive |last7=Marsden |first7=John |date=August 2022 |title=Policies and interventions to reduce harmful gambling: an international Delphi consensus and implementation rating study |journal=[[Lancet Public Health]] |volume=7 |issue=8 |pages=e705–e717 |doi=10.1016/S2468-2667(22)00137-2 |doi-access=free |pmid=35907421 }}</ref> on the regulation of [[electronic cigarettes]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Berlin |first1=Ivan |last2=Jacot-Sadowski |first2=Isabelle |last3=Humair |first3=Jean-Paul |last4=Cornuz |first4=Jacques |date=7 September 2021 |title=International expert consensus on electronic nicotine delivery systems and heated tobacco products: a Delphi survey |journal=[[BMJ Open]] |volume=11 |issue=9 |pages=e045724 |doi=10.1136/bmjopen-2020-045724 |doi-access=free |pmid=34493505 |pmc=8451280 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Velarde Crézé |first1=Camille |last2=Lebon |first2=Luc |last3=Duperrex |first3=Olivier |last4=Faivre |first4=Vincent |last5=Pasche |first5=Myriam |last6=Cornuz |first6=Jacques |date=1 February 2023 |title=New puff-like disposable electronic cigarettes: expert consensus on their regulation |url=https://www.revmed.ch/revue-medicale-suisse/2023/revue-medicale-suisse-812/nouvelles-cigarettes-electroniques-jetables-puffs-consensus-d-expert-e-s-sur-leur-reglementation |journal=[[Revue Médicale Suisse]] |volume=19 |issue=812 |pages=181–185 |doi=10.53738/REVMED.2023.19.812.181 |doi-access=free |pmid=36723643 |access-date=21 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Asfar |first1=Taghrid |last2=Schmidt |first2=Michael |last3=Oluwole |first3=Olusanya Joshua |last4=Casas |first4=Alejandra |last5=Friedman |first5=Lily  |last6=Ferdous |first6=Tarana  |last7=Noar |first7=Seth |last8=Eissenberg |first8=Thomas |last9=Maziak |first9=Wasim |date=2024 |title=Building consensus on a set of ENDS-specific pictorial health warnings: a Delphi study among a tobacco control expert panel |url=https://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/early/2024/02/12/tc-2023-058384 |journal=[[Tobacco Control (journal)|Tobacco Control]] |doi=10.1136/tc-2023-058384 |pmid=38346872 |pmc=11317547 |pmc-embargo-date=August 12, 2025 |access-date=21 December 2024|url-access=subscription }}</ref> and on recommendations to end the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref name=":0">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lazarus JV, Romero D, Kopka CJ, Karim SA, Abu-Raddad LJ, Almeida G, Baptista-Leite R, Barocas JA, Barreto ML, Bar-Yam Y, Bassat Q, Batista C, Bazilian M, Chiou ST, Del Rio C, Dore GJ, Gao GF, Gostin LO, Hellard M, Jimenez JL, Kang G, Lee N, Matičič M, McKee M, Nsanzimana S, Oliu-Barton M, Pradelski B, Pyzik O, Rabin K, Raina S, Rashid SF, Rathe M, Saenz R, Singh S, Trock-Hempler M, Villapol S, Yap P, Binagwaho A, Kamarulzaman A, El-Mohandes A | display-authors = 6 | title = A multinational Delphi consensus to end the COVID-19 public health threat | journal = Nature | volume = 611 | issue = 7935 | pages = 332–345 | date = November 2022 | pmid = 36329272 | pmc = 9646517 | doi = 10.1038/s41586-022-05398-2 | bibcode = 2022Natur.611..332L }}</ref>

==== Reporting guidelines====
Use of the Delphi method in the development of guidelines for the reporting of health research<ref name=Moher2010>{{cite journal | vauthors = Moher D, Schulz KF, Simera I, Altman DG | title = Guidance for developers of health research reporting guidelines | journal = PLOS Medicine | volume = 7 | issue = 2 | pages = e1000217 | date = February 2010 | pmid = 20169112 | pmc = 2821895 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000217 | doi-access = free }}</ref> is recommended, especially for experienced developers.<ref name="EQUATOR">{{cite web |title=Developing your reporting guideline |url=https://www.equator-network.org/toolkits/developing-a-reporting-guideline/developing-your-reporting-guideline/ |website=www.equator-network.org |publisher=[[EQUATOR Network]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929172737/https://www.equator-network.org/toolkits/developing-a-reporting-guideline/developing-your-reporting-guideline/ |archive-date=29 September 2022 |language=en |url-status=live}}</ref> Since this advice was made in 2010, two systematic reviews have found that fewer than 30% of published reporting guidelines incorporated Delphi methods into the development process.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Wang X, Chen Y, Yang N, Deng W, Wang Q, Li N, Yao L, Wei D, Chen G, Yang K | display-authors = 6 | title = Methodology and reporting quality of reporting guidelines: systematic review | journal = BMC Medical Research Methodology | volume = 15 | issue = 74 | pages = 74 | date = September 2015 | pmid = 26395179 | pmc = 4579604 | doi = 10.1186/s12874-015-0069-z | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Banno M, Tsujimoto Y, Kataoka Y | title = The majority of reporting guidelines are not developed with the Delphi method: a systematic review of reporting guidelines | journal = Journal of Clinical Epidemiology | volume = 124 | pages = 50–57 | date = August 2020 | pmid = 32302679 | doi = 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2020.04.010 | s2cid = 215809096 }}</ref>