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==References== {{Reflist|refs= <ref name="Bakker1986">{{cite book | first1 = R. T. | last1 = Bakker | date = 1986 | title = The Dinosaur Heresies: New Theories Unlocking the Mystery of the Dinosaurs and their Extinction | place = New York | publisher = Morrow }}</ref> <ref name="Baron2021">{{Cite journal |last=Baron |first=Matthew G. |date=2021-10-03 |title=Tactile tails: a new hypothesis for the function of the elongate tails of diplodocid sauropods |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/08912963.2020.1769092 |journal=Historical Biology |volume=33 |issue=10 |pages=2057–2066 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2020.1769092 |s2cid=219762797 |issn=0891-2963|url-access=subscription }}</ref> <ref name="BarrettUpchurch1994">{{cite journal | last1 = Barrett | first1 = P.M. | last2 = Upchurch | first2 = P. | year = 1994 | title = ''Feeding mechanisms of ''Diplodocus | journal = Gaia | volume = 10 | pages = 195–204 }}</ref> <ref name="Bates2015">{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1098/rsbl.2015.0215| issn = 1744-9561 | eissn = 1744-957X| volume = 11| issue = 6| pages = 20150215| last1 = Bates| first1 = Karl T.| last2 = Falkingham| first2 = Peter L.| last3 = Macaulay| first3 = Sophie| last4 = Brassey| first4 = Charlotte| last5 = Maidment| first5 = Susannah C. R.| title = Downsizing a giant: re-evaluating Dreadnoughtus body mass| journal = Biology Letters| date = 2015 | pmid = 26063751 | pmc = 4528471 }}</ref> <ref name="BonaparteMateus1999">{{cite journal | last1 = Bonaparte | first1 = J.F. | last2 = Mateus | first2 = O. | year = 1999 | title = A new diplodocid, ''Dinheirosaurus lourinhanensis'' gen. et sp. nov., from the Late Jurassic beds of Portugal | url = http://www.lusodinos.dinodata.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=category§ionid=8&id=20&Itemid=29 | journal = Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales | volume = 5 | issue = 2 | pages = 13–29 | access-date = 2013-06-13 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120219054503/http://www.lusodinos.dinodata.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=category§ionid=8&id=20&Itemid=29 | archive-date = 2012-02-19 | url-status = dead }}</ref> <ref name="Campione2017">{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1017/pab.2017.9| issn = 0094-8373 | eissn = 1938-5331| volume = 43| issue = 4| pages = 693–699| last = Campione| first = Nicolás E.| title = Extrapolating body masses in large terrestrial vertebrates| journal = Paleobiology| date = 2017 | s2cid = 90635399 }}</ref> <ref name="Carpenter2006">{{cite journal | first1 = K. | last1 = Carpenter, K. | date = 2006 | title = Biggest of the big: a critical re-evaluation of the mega-sauropod Amphicoelias fragillimus | journal = New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin | volume = 36 | pages = 131–138 }}</ref> <ref name="Czerkas1993A">{{cite journal | last1 = Czerkas | first1 = S.A. | year = 1993 | title = The new look of sauropods | doi = 10.1080/02724634.1993.10011533| journal = Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology | volume = 13 | page = 26A }}</ref> <ref name="Czerkas1993B">{{cite journal | last1 = Czerkas | first1 = S.A. | year = 1993 | title = Discovery of dermal spines reveals a new look for sauropod dinosaurs | journal = Geology | volume = 20 | issue = 12| pages = 1068–1070 | doi=10.1130/0091-7613(1992)020<1068:dodsra>2.3.co;2 | bibcode = 1992Geo....20.1068C}}</ref> <ref name="Dai2022">{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1098/rsos.220794| issn = 2054-5703| volume = 9| issue = 11| pages = 220794| last1 = Dai| first1 = Hui| last2 = Tan| first2 = Chao| last3 = Xiong| first3 = Can| last4 = Ma| first4 = Qingyu| last5 = Li| first5 = Ning| last6 = Yu| first6 = Haidong| last7 = Wei| first7 = Zhaoying| last8 = Wang| first8 = Ping| last9 = Yi| first9 = Jian| last10 = Wei| first10 = Guangbiao| last11 = You| first11 = Hailu| last12 = Ren| first12 = Xinxin| title = New macronarian from the Middle Jurassic of Chongqing, China: phylogenetic and biogeographic implications for neosauropod dinosaur evolution| journal = Royal Society Open Science| date = 2022-11-02| pmid = 36340515| pmc = 9627447}}</ref> <ref name="D'Emic2013">{{Cite journal | last1 = D’Emic | first1 = M. D. | last2 = Whitlock | first2 = J. A. | last3 = Smith | first3 = K. M. | last4 = Fisher | first4 = D. C. | last5 = Wilson | first5 = J. A. | editor1-last = Evans | editor1-first = A. R. | title = Evolution of high tooth replacement rates in sauropod dinosaurs | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0069235 | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 8 | issue = 7 | pages = e69235 | year = 2013 | pmid = 23874921| pmc =3714237 | bibcode = 2013PLoSO...869235D | doi-access = free }}</ref> <ref name="Dodson1990">{{cite book|author=Dodson, P.|year=1990|contribution=Sauropod paleoecology|title=The Dinosauria" 1st Edition|editor=Weishampel, D.B. |editor2=Dodson, P. |editor3= Osmólska, H.|publisher=University of California Press|asin=B008UBRHZM}}</ref> <ref name="Gallagher2021">{{cite journal |last1=Gallagher|first1=T |last2=Poole |first2=J |last3=Schein |first3=J |date=2021 |title=Evidence of integumentary scale diversity in the late Jurassic Sauropod Diplodocus sp. from the Mother's Day Quarry, Montana |journal=PeerJ |volume=9 |pages=e11202 |doi=10.7717/peerj.11202|pmid=33986987 |pmc=8098675 |doi-access=free }}</ref> <ref name="Gallina2014">{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0097128| issn = 1932-6203| volume = 9| issue = 5| pages = –97128| last1 = Gallina| first1 = Pablo A.| last2 = Apesteguía| first2 = Sebastián| last3 = Haluza| first3 = Alejandro| last4 = Canale| first4 = Juan I.| title = A diplodocid sauropod survivor from the Early Cretaceous of South America| journal = PLOS ONE| date = 2014-05-14| pmid = 24828328| pmc = 4020797| doi-access = free}}</ref> <ref name="Gallina2022">{{Cite book| publisher = Springer International Publishing| isbn = 978-3-030-95958-6 | pages = 209–236| editor-first1 = Alejandro | editor-last1 = Otero | editor-first2 = José L. | editor-last2 = Carballido | editor-first3 = Diego | editor-last3 = Pol | last1 = Gallina| first1 = Pablo A.| last2 = Apesteguía| first2 = Sebastián| last3 = Carballido| first3 = José L.| last4 = Garderes| first4 = Juan P.| title = South American Sauropodomorph Dinosaurs| chapter = Southernmost spiny backs and whiplash tails: flagellicaudatans from South America| location = Cham| date = 2022}}</ref> <ref name="Gnaedinger2017">{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1016/j.cretres.2017.06.014| issn = 0195-6671| volume = 78| pages = 228–239| last1 = Gnaedinger| first1 = Silvia| last2 = Coria| first2 = Rodolfo A.| last3 = Koppelhus| first3 = Eva| last4 = Casadío| first4 = Silvio| last5 = Tunik| first5 = Maisa| last6 = Currie| first6 = Philip| title = First Lower Cretaceous record of Podocarpaceae wood associated with dinosaur remains from Patagonia, Neuquén Province, Argentina| journal = Cretaceous Research| date = 2017 | s2cid = 134854078| url = https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0195667117300824| hdl = 11336/30408| hdl-access = free}}</ref> <ref name="Griebler2013">{{cite journal | last1 = Griebeler | first1 = EM | last2 = Klein | first2 = N | last3 = Sander | first3 = PM | year = 2013 | title = Aging, Maturation and Growth of Sauropodomorph Dinosaurs as Deduced from Growth Curves Using Long Bone Histological Data: An Assessment of Methodological Constraints and Solutions | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 8 | issue = 6| page = e67012 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0067012 | pmid=23840575 | pmc=3686781 | bibcode = 2013PLoSO...867012G| doi-access = free }}</ref> <ref name="Harris2006">{{cite journal|author=Harris, J.D.|year=2006|title=The significance of ''Suuwassea emiliae'' (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) for flagellicaudatan intrarelationships and evolution|journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology|volume=4|issue=2|pages=185–198|doi=10.1017/S1477201906001805|s2cid=9646734|url=http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/dba3/2761b4802b04d81dd85b79e6cc7063c0b775.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229023721/http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/dba3/2761b4802b04d81dd85b79e6cc7063c0b775.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=2019-12-29}}</ref> <ref name="Hay1902">{{cite journal | last1 = Hay | first1 = O.P. | year = 1902 | title = Bibliography and Catalogue of the Fossil Vertebrata of North America | journal = Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey | volume = 179 | pages = 1–868 }}</ref> <ref name="Knoll2006">{{cite journal|author1=Knoll, F. |author2=Galton, P.M. |author3=López-Antoñanzas, R. |year=2006|title=Paleoneurological evidence against a proboscis in the sauropod dinosaur ''Diplodocus'' | journal = Geobios | volume = 39 | issue = 2 | pages = 215–221 | doi = 10.1016/j.geobios.2004.11.005 }}</ref> <ref name="Lovelace2007">{{cite journal |last=Lovelace |first=David M. |author2=Hartman, Scott A. |author3= Wahl, William R. |year=2007 |title=Morphology of a specimen of ''Supersaurus'' (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the Morrison Formation of Wyoming, and a re-evaluation of diplodocid phylogeny |journal=Arquivos do Museu Nacional |volume=65 |issue=4 |pages=527–544 }}</ref> <ref name="McIntosh2005">{{Cite book| publisher = Indiana University Press| isbn = 0-253-34542-1| pages = 38–77| editor-first1 = Virginia | editor-last1 = Tidwell | editor-first2 = Kenneth | editor-last2 = Carpenter | last1 = McIntosh| first1 = John S.| title = Thunder-lizards: the sauropodomorph dinosaurs| chapter = The genus Barosaurus Marsh (Sauropoda, Diplodocidae)| location = Bloomington| series = Life of the past| date = 2005}}</ref> <ref name="McPhee2016">{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1016/j.cretres.2015.11.006| issn = 0195-6671| volume = 59| pages = 228–248| last1 = McPhee| first1 = Blair W.| last2 = Mannion| first2 = Philip D.| last3 = de Klerk| first3 = William J.| last4 = Choiniere| first4 = Jonah N.| title = High diversity in the sauropod dinosaur fauna of the Lower Cretaceous Kirkwood Formation of South Africa: Implications for the Jurassic–Cretaceous transition| journal = Cretaceous Research| date = 2016 | url = https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10068549/| hdl = 10044/1/27470| hdl-access = free}}</ref> <ref name="MyrhvoldCurrie1997">{{cite journal | last1 = Myhrvold | first1 = N. P. | last2 = Currie | first2 = P. J. | year = 1997 | title = Supersonic sauropods? Tail dynamics in the diplodocids | journal = Paleobiology | volume = 23 | issue = 4 | pages = 393–409 | doi = 10.1017/S0094837300019801 | s2cid = 83696153 | url = http://doc.rero.ch/record/15579/files/PAL_E1438.pdf }}</ref> <ref name="Norman1985">{{cite book | last1 = Norman | first1 = D.B. | date = 1985 | title =The illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs | place = London | publisher = Salamander Books}}</ref> <ref name="Nowinski1971">{{cite journal | last1 = Nowinski | first1 = A | year = 1971 | title = ''Nemegtosaurus mongoliensis'' n. gen., n. sp. (Sauropoda) from the uppermost Cretaceous of Mongolia | journal = Palaeontologia Polonica | volume = 25 | pages = 57–81 }}</ref> <ref name="Olshevsky1991">{{cite journal | first1 = G. |last1 = Olshevsky | date = 1991 | title = A revision of the Parainfraclass Archosauria Cope, 1869, excluding the advanced Crocodylia | journal = Mesozoic Meanderings | volume = 2 }}</ref> <ref name="Rauhut2005">{{cite journal|author1=Rauhut, O.W.M. |author2=Remes, K. |author3=Fechner, R. |author4=Cladera, G. |author5= Puerta, P. |name-list-style=amp |year=2005|title=Discovery of a short-necked sauropod dinosaur from the Late Jurassic period of Patagonia|journal=Nature|volume=435|issue=7042|pages=670–672|pmid=15931221|doi=10.1038/nature03623 |bibcode=2005Natur.435..670R|s2cid=4385136 }}</ref> <ref name="Rega2012">{{Cite book | first1 = E. | last1 = Rega | date = 2012 | editor-first1 = M. | editor-last1 = Brett-Surman | editor-first2 = T. | editor-last2 = Holtz | editor-first3 = J. | editor-last3 = Farlow | chapter = Disease in dinosaurs | title = The Complete Dinosaur | edition = 2 | place = Bloomington and Indianapolis | publisher = Indiana University Press }}</ref> <ref name="Remes2007">{{cite journal |last=Remes |first=Kristian |year=2007 |title=A second Gondwanan diplodocid dinosaur from the Upper Jurassic Tendaguru Beds of Tanzania, East Africa |journal=Palaeontology |volume=50 |issue=3 |pages=653–667 |doi=10.1111/j.1475-4983.2007.00652.x |s2cid=129739733 |url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/16141/files/PAL_E3037.pdf }}</ref> <ref name="StevensParrish1999">{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1126/science.284.5415.798| issn = 0036-8075 | eissn = 1095-9203| volume = 284| issue = 5415| pages = 798–800| last1 = Stevens| first1 = Kent A.| last2 = Parrish| first2 = J. Michael| title = Neck Posture and Feeding Habits of Two Jurassic Sauropod Dinosaurs| journal = Science| date = 1999-04-30| pmid = 10221910 | url = https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.284.5415.798| url-access = subscription}}</ref> <ref name="Taylor2014">{{Cite journal| doi = 10.7717/peerj.712| issn = 2167-8359| volume = 2| last = Taylor| first = Michael P.| title = Quantifying the effect of intervertebral cartilage on neutral posture in the necks of sauropod dinosaurs| journal = PeerJ| date = 2014-12-23| pages = e712| pmid = 25551027| pmc = 4277489| doi-access = free}}</ref> <ref name="TaylorNaish2005">{{cite journal|author1=Taylor, M.P. |author2=Naish, D.|year=2005|title=The phylogenetic taxonomy of Diplodocoidea (Dinosauria: Sauropoda)|journal=PaleoBios|volume=25|issue=2|pages=1–7|issn=0031-0298}}</ref> <ref name="TaylorWedel2013">{{Cite journal| doi = 10.7717/peerj.36| issn = 2167-8359| volume = 1| last1 = Taylor| first1 = Michael P.| last2 = Wedel| first2 = Mathew J.| title = Why sauropods had long necks; and why giraffes have short necks| journal = PeerJ| date = 2013-02-12| pages = e36| pmid = 23638372| pmc = 3628838| doi-access = free}}</ref> <ref name="Tschopp2015">{{cite journal | last1 = Tschopp | first1 = E. | last2 = Mateus | first2 = O. | last3 = Benson | first3 = R. 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