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Forensic pathology
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=== Germany === Once students have acquired the "[[Abitur]]" diploma and completed all the requirements, they can study medicine at a university. Within the medical education system, there are four subdivisions individuals must partake in prior to moving into a specialization. The first section is a two year preclinical study period where individuals are introduced to the basics. A two month work period at a hospital must be completed between each semester in order to become familiar with everyday life in a hospital. A final exam on the basics concludes this portion. The second section is a one year clinical period to familiarize the students with the basics of clinical practice. The students complete the first part of the physician's exam at the end of this period. The third section is another clinical period which lasts for two years, which practices non-surgical, surgical, neurological, ecological and general medicine domains. Here is where forensic medicine is first introduced. Between the first and second clinical sections, four months of medical clerkship are required, which consists of two months in a hospital and two months at any other medical institution. Students complete the second part of the physician's exam at the end of this period. The final section is a one year practical period where students partake in three 4 month practicums: four months of internal medicine, four months of surgery and four months of clinical practical study of their choice. Students write the final part of the physician's exam before this period and have the oral part afterwards. Once individuals have completed their medical studies, there is a minimum of six extra years of specialization training for forensic pathology. During this training individuals must complete at least three years and six months working for a legal medicine institution, focusing on clinical forensic pathology training. Then, at least one year of pathology work at a specialized institute is required partaking in autopsy technical training. As well, a minimum of 6 months working with forensic psychiatrists is also required. Finally, a single year of work in any field of medicine or legal medicine must be completed. During these work periods, it is required that these physicians write a number of opinions on their post-mortem examinations, crime scene investigations, crime scene reconstructions and insurance medical cases. There is also a minimum number of reports consisting of their own autopsies, police inquiries, histological investigation and other investigative results. Finally, the practicing physician must complete a certain number of oral court proceedings. Once all of this has been completed, an oral examination, overseen by the Chamber of Physicians (also known as the [[German Medical Association]]) is to be completed which allows individuals to officially become a forensic pathologist upon completion.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bockholdt |first1=Britta |last2=Rothschild |first2=Marcus A. |last3=Ehrlich |first3=Edwin |last4=Maxeiner |first4=Helmut |last5=Schneider |first5=Volkmar |date=2001-06-01 |title=Medical studies and training duration for forensic pathologists in Germany |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1344622301000177 |journal=Legal Medicine |language=en |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=104β108 |doi=10.1016/S1344-6223(01)00017-7 |pmid=12935530 |issn=1344-6223|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
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