Editing Globalization (section)

==Other dimensions==
Scholars also occasionally discuss other, less common dimensions of globalization, such as [[environmental globalization]] (the internationally coordinated practices and regulations, often in the form of international treaties, regarding environmental protection)<ref name="Zimmerer2006-1">{{cite book|first=Karl S. |last=Zimmerer|title=Globalization & New Geographies of Conservation|url={{google books|id=UdLK-UGj7YkC|page=1|plainurl=yes}}|year=2006|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-98344-8|page=1}}</ref> or [[military globalization]] (growth in global extent and scope of security relationships).<ref name="Krishnan2016">{{cite book|first=Armin |last=Krishnan|title=War as Business: Technological Change and Military Service Contracting|url={{google books|id=1ymrCwAAQBAJ|page=PA157|plainurl=yes}}|date=2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-00049-5|page=157}}</ref> Those dimensions, however, receive much less attention the three described above, as academic literature commonly subdivides globalization into three major areas: economic globalization, cultural globalization and political globalization.<ref name="Ritzer2008-146"/>

===Movement of people===
[[File:World-airline-routemap-2024.png|thumb|Scheduled [[airline]] traffic in 2024]]

An essential aspect of globalization is movement of people, and state-boundary limits on that movement have changed across history.<ref>{{Cite journal | year= 2014 | last1= James| first1= Paul | author-link1= Paul James (academic) | title= Faces of Globalization and the Borders of States: From Asylum Seekers to Citizens | url= https://www.academia.edu/7773440 | journal= Citizenship Studies | volume= 18 | issue= 2 | pages= 208–23| doi= 10.1080/13621025.2014.886440| s2cid= 144816686}}</ref> The movement of tourists and business people opened up over the last century. As transportation technology improved, travel time and costs decreased dramatically between the 18th and early 20th century. For example, travel across the [[Atlantic Ocean]] used to take up to 5 weeks in the 18th century, but around the time of the 20th century it took a mere 8 days.<ref name="autogenerated2">Boustan, Adain May. "Fertility and Immigration." UCLA. 15 January 2009.</ref> Today, modern aviation has made long-distance transportation quick and affordable.

Tourism is travel for pleasure. The developments in technology and transportation infrastructure, such as [[jumbo jets]], low-cost airlines, and more [[accessible tourism|accessible]] airports have made many types of tourism more affordable. At any given moment half a million people are in the air.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Siebeck|first=Florian|title=Flugzeugparkplatz im Outback: Schlaf in der Wüste|language=de|work=FAZ.NET|url=https://www.faz.net/1.6771502|access-date=16 May 2020|issn=0174-4909}}</ref> International tourist arrivals surpassed the milestone of 1 billion tourists globally for the first time in 2012.<ref name="Barom2012">{{cite journal|url=http://dtxtq4w60xqpw.cloudfront.net/sites/all/files/pdf/unwto_barom13_01_jan_excerpt_0.pdf |title=UNWTO World Tourism Barometer |journal=UNWTO World Tourism Barometer |date=January 2013 |volume=11 |issue=1 |access-date=9 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130228162347/http://dtxtq4w60xqpw.cloudfront.net/sites/all/files/pdf/unwto_barom13_01_jan_excerpt_0.pdf |archive-date=28 February 2013 }}</ref>
A [[Travel visa|visa]] is a conditional authorization granted by a country to a foreigner, allowing them to enter and temporarily remain within, or to leave that country. Some countries – such as those in the [[Schengen Area]] – have agreements with other countries allowing each other's citizens to travel between them without visas (for example, Switzerland is part of a Schengen Agreement allowing easy travel for people from countries within the European Union). The [[World Tourism Organization]] announced that the number of tourists who require a visa before traveling was at its lowest level ever in 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dtxtq4w60xqpw.cloudfront.net/sites/all/files/docpdf/2015visaopennessreportonline.pdf |title=Visa Openness Report 2015 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160123123959/http://dtxtq4w60xqpw.cloudfront.net/sites/all/files/docpdf/2015visaopennessreportonline.pdf |archive-date=23 January 2016  }}</ref>

[[Immigration]] is the international movement of people into a destination country of which they are not natives or where they do not possess [[citizenship]] in order to settle or reside there, especially as [[permanent residents]] or [[naturalized]] citizens, or to take-up employment as a [[migrant worker]] or temporarily as a [[foreign worker]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/immigration|title=immigration|publisher=Oxford University Press|website=Oxford Dictionaries|access-date=11 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160518081143/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/immigration|archive-date=18 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/immigration|title=immigrate|publisher=Merriam-Webster |access-date=27 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328072752/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/immigration|archive-date=28 March 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="RCUK">{{cite web|title=Who's who: Definitions|url=http://www.refugeecouncil.org.uk/policy_research/the_truth_about_asylum/the_facts_about_asylum|publisher=Refugee Council|location=London, England|year=2016|access-date=7 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150916064012/http://www.refugeecouncil.org.uk/policy_research/the_truth_about_asylum/the_facts_about_asylum|archive-date=16 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> According to the [[International Labour Organization]], {{as of|2014|lc=y}} there were an estimated 232 million international migrants in the world (defined as persons outside their country of origin for 12 months or more) and approximately half of them were estimated to be economically active (i.e. being employed or seeking employment).<ref>{{cite web|title=Mainstreaming of Migration in Development Policy and Integrating Migration in the Post-2015 UN Development Agenda|url=http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---migrant/documents/genericdocument/wcms_220084.pdf|website=www.ilo.org|access-date=23 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525162824/http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---migrant/documents/genericdocument/wcms_220084.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> International movement of labor is often seen as important to economic development. For example, [[freedom of movement for workers in the European Union]] means that people can move freely between member states to live, work, study or retire in another country.
[[File:BorisOC2010.jpg|thumb|right|2010 [[London Youth Games]] opening ceremony. About 69% of children born in [[London]] in 2015 had at least one parent who was born abroad.<ref>"[https://www.ft.com/content/41b5b302-b7e5-11e6-ba85-95d1533d9a62 Most London babies have foreign-born parent] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625161100/https://www.ft.com/content/41b5b302-b7e5-11e6-ba85-95d1533d9a62 |date=25 June 2018 }}". ''[[Financial Times]]''. 1 December 2016.</ref>]]

Globalization is associated with a dramatic rise in [[international education]]. The development of global [[cross-cultural competence]] in the workforce through ad-hoc training has deserved increasing attention in recent times.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Landis|first1=Dan|title=The Cambridge handbook of intercultural training|last2=Bhawuk|first2=Dharm P. S.|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press & Assessment]]|year=2020|isbn=978-1-108-85418-4|edition=4th|location=Cambridge, United Kingdom|oclc=1135909636}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Caligiuri|first=Paula|title=Build Your Cultural Agility The Nine Competencies of Successful Global Professionals.|date=2021|publisher=Kogan Page, Limited|isbn=978-1-78966-660-1|location=London|oclc=1239982517}}</ref> More and more students are seeking higher education in foreign countries and many [[international student]]s now consider overseas study a stepping-stone to permanent residency within a country.<ref name="gribble">{{cite journal | last1 = Gribble | first1 = C | year = 2008 | title = Policy options for managing international student migration: the sending country's perspective | journal = Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management | volume = 30 | issue = 1| pages = 25–39 | doi=10.1080/13600800701457830| s2cid = 155059201 }}</ref> The contributions that [[foreign student]]s make to host nation economies, both culturally and financially has encouraged major players to implement further initiatives to facilitate the arrival and integration of overseas students, including substantial amendments to [[immigration]] and visa policies and procedures.<ref name="varghese">Varghese, N.V. 2008, 'Globalization of higher education and cross-border student mobility', International Institute for Educational Planning, UNESCO</ref>

A [[transnational marriage]] is a [[marriage]] between two people from different countries. A variety of special issues arise in marriages between people from different countries, including those related to citizenship and culture, which add complexity and challenges to these kinds of relationships. In an age of increasing globalization, where a growing number of people have ties to networks of people and places across the globe, rather than to a current geographic location, people are increasingly marrying across national boundaries. Transnational marriage is a by-product of the movement and migration of people.

===Movement of information===
{{See also|Internet}}
{{Internet users by region}}
[[File:Global Digital Divide1.png|thumb|upright=1.3|The [[global digital divide]]: Computers per 100 people per 2006]]

Before electronic communications, long-distance communications relied on mail. Speed of global communications was limited by the maximum speed of courier services (especially horses and ships) until the mid-19th century. The [[electric telegraph]] was the first method of instant long-distance communication. For example, before the first transatlantic cable, communications between Europe and the Americas took weeks because ships had to carry mail across the ocean. The first [[transatlantic telegraph cable|transatlantic cable]] reduced communication time considerably, allowing a message and a response in the same day. Lasting transatlantic telegraph connections were achieved in the 1865–1866. The first wireless telegraphy transmitters were developed in 1895.

The Internet has been instrumental in connecting people across geographical boundaries. For example, [[Facebook]] is a [[social networking service]] which has more than 1.65 billion monthly active users {{as of|2016|3|31|lc=y}}.<ref name="Facebook-Newsroom">{{cite web|title=Company Info – Facebook Newsroom|url=https://newsroom.fb.com/company-info/|publisher=Facebook|access-date=23 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151115110456/https://newsroom.fb.com/company-info/|archive-date=15 November 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

Globalization can be spread by Global journalism which provides massive information and relies on the internet to interact, "makes it into an everyday routine to investigate how people and their actions, practices, problems, life conditions, etc. in different parts of the world are interrelated. possible to assume that [[global threats]] such as climate change precipitate the further establishment of global journalism."<ref>{{cite journal |first=Peter |last=Berglez |date=2008 |journal=Journalism Studies |volume=9 |issue=6 |pages=845–58 <!--was originally "5" but that's confusing--> |doi=10.1080/14616700802337727|title=What is Global Journalism? |s2cid=142859567 }}</ref>

===Globalization and disease===
{{Main|Globalization and disease}}
{{See also|Virgin soil epidemic|Wildlife smuggling and zoonoses|Emerging infectious disease|Pandemic}}

In the current era of globalization, the world is more interdependent than at any other time. Efficient and inexpensive transportation has left few places inaccessible, and increased global trade has brought more and more people into contact with animal diseases that have subsequently jumped species barriers (see [[zoonosis]]).<ref>{{cite news |title=The Coronavirus Could Finally Kill the Wild Animal Trade |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/02/25/virus-bats-pangolins-wild-animals-coronavirus-zoonotic-diseases/ |work=Foreign Policy |date=25 February 2020 |access-date=6 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317014208/https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/02/25/virus-bats-pangolins-wild-animals-coronavirus-zoonotic-diseases/ |archive-date=17 March 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Coronavirus disease 2019]], abbreviated COVID-19, first appeared in [[Wuhan]], China in November 2019. More than 180 countries have reported cases since then.<ref>{{cite news |title=Coronavirus: Which countries have confirmed cases? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/01/countries-confirmed-cases-coronavirus-200125070959786.html |work=Al Jazeera |date=6 April 2020 |access-date=6 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200331073742/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/01/countries-confirmed-cases-coronavirus-200125070959786.html |archive-date=31 March 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> {{As of|2020|04|06|df=US}}, the U.S. has the most confirmed active cases in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gisanddata.maps.arcgis.com/apps/opsdashboard/index.html#/bda7594740fd40299423467b48e9ecf6|title=Coronavirus COVID-19 Global Cases by the Center for Systems Science and Engineering (CSSE) at Johns Hopkins|access-date=25 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905173559/https://gisanddata.maps.arcgis.com/apps/opsdashboard/index.html#/bda7594740fd40299423467b48e9ecf6|archive-date=5 September 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> More than 3.4 million people from the worst-affected countries entered the U.S. in the first three months since the inception of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Disaster in motion: 3.4 million travelers poured into US as coronavirus pandemic erupted |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/disaster-motion-34-million-travelers-poured-us-coronavirus/story?id=69933625 |work=ABC News |date=2 April 2020 |access-date=6 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200402171949/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/disaster-motion-34-million-travelers-poured-us-coronavirus/story?id=69933625 |archive-date=2 April 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> This has caused a detrimental impact on the global economy, particularly for SME's and Microbusinesses with unlimited liability/self-employed, leaving them vulnerable to financial difficulties, increasing the market share for oligopolistic markets as well as increasing the barriers of entry.