Editing Group 5 element (section)

=== Vanadium ===

Vanadium is an average-hard, [[ductility|ductile]], steel-blue metal. It is electrically [[conductive]] and thermally [[thermal insulation|insulating]]. Some sources describe vanadium as "soft", perhaps because it is ductile, [[malleable]], and not [[brittle]].<ref>{{cite book|author=George F. Vander Voort|title=Metallography, principles and practice|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GRQC8zYqtBIC&pg=PA137|access-date=17 September 2011|date=1984|publisher=ASM International|isbn=978-0-87170-672-0|pages=137–}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Cardarelli|first=François|title=Materials handbook: a concise desktop reference|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PvU-qbQJq7IC&pg=PA338|access-date=17 September 2011|date=2008|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-84628-668-1|pages=338–}}</ref> Vanadium is harder than most metals and steels (see [[Hardnesses of the elements (data page)]] and [[iron#Mechanical properties|iron]]). It has good resistance to [[corrosion]] and it is stable against [[alkali]]s and [[sulfuric acid|sulfuric]] and [[hydrochloric acid]]s.<ref name="HollemanAF">{{cite book|publisher= Walter de Gruyter|date= 1985|edition= 91–100|pages= 1071–1075|isbn= 978-3-11-007511-3|title= Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie|first= Arnold F.|last= Holleman|author2= Wiberg, Egon|author3= Wiberg, Nils|chapter= Vanadium |language= de}}</ref> It is [[oxidation|oxidized]] in air at about 933&nbsp;[[Kelvin|K]] (660&nbsp;°C, 1220&nbsp;°F), although an oxide [[passivation (chemistry)|passivation]] layer forms even at room temperature.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Klinser |first=Gregor |last2=Zettl |first2=Roman |last3=Wilkening |first3=Martin |last4=Krenn |first4=Heinz |last5=Hanzu |first5=Ilie |last6=Würschum |first6=Roland |date=2019 |title=Redox processes in sodium vanadium phosphate cathodes – insights from operando magnetometry |url=https://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=C9CP04045E |journal=Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics |language=en |volume=21 |issue=36 |pages=20151–20155 |doi=10.1039/C9CP04045E |issn=1463-9076|doi-access=free }}</ref>