Editing Hopi language (section)

== Morphology ==

=== Suffixes ===

Hopi uses suffixes for a variety of purposes. Some examples are:

{| class="wikitable"
! suffix
! purpose
! example
! meaning
|-
|{{lang|hop|ma}}
|go along
|{{lang|hop|wayma}}
|walking along
|-
|{{lang|hop|numa}}
|go around
|{{lang|hop|waynuma}}
|walking around
|-
|{{lang|hop|mi}}
|to, towards
|{{lang|hop|itamumi}}
|towards us
|-
|{{lang|hop|ni}}
|future
|{{lang|hop|tuuvani}}
|will throw
|-
|{{lang|hop|ngwu}}
|habitual suffix
|{{lang|hop|tuuvangwu}}
|usually throws
|-
|{{lang|hop|ve/pe}}
|location
|{{lang|hop|Ismo'walpe}}
|at Ismo'wala
|-
|{{lang|hop|q}}
|distance suffix
|{{lang|hop|atkyamiq}}
|all the way to the bottom
|-
|{{lang|hop|sa}}
|only
|{{lang|hop|suksa}}
|only one
|}

Hopi also has free postpositions:

{| class="wikitable"
|{{lang|hop|akw}}
|with (instrumental)
|-
|{{lang|hop|angkw}}
|from
|-
|{{lang|hop|ep}}
|at/in/on
|}

Nouns are marked as oblique by either the suffixes ''-t'' for simple nouns or ''-y'' for dual nouns (those referring to exactly two individuals), possessed nouns or plural nouns.

Some examples are shown below:

{| class="wikitable"
! nominative
! oblique
! meaning
|-
|{{lang|hop|himutski}}
|{{lang|hop|himutskit}}
|shrub
|-
|{{lang|hop|iisaw}}
|{{lang|hop|iisawuy}}
|coyote
|-
|{{lang|hop|itam}}
|{{lang|hop|itamuy}}
|we/us
|-
|{{lang|hop|nuva}}
|{{lang|hop|nuvat}}
|snow
|-
|{{lang|hop|nu'}}
|{{lang|hop|nuy}}
|I/me
|-
|{{lang|hop|paahu}}
|{{lang|hop|paahut}}
|spring water
|-
|{{lang|hop|pam}}
|{{lang|hop|put}}
|he/she/it
|-
|{{lang|hop|puma}}
|{{lang|hop|pumuy}}
|they
|-
|{{lang|hop|tuuwa}}
|{{lang|hop|tuuwat}}
|sand
|-
|{{lang|hop|um}}
|{{lang|hop|ung}}
|you
|}

Verbs are also marked by suffixes but these are not used in a regular pattern. For example, the suffixes ''-lawu'' and ''-ta'' are both used to make a simple verb into a durative one (implying the action is ongoing and not yet complete) but it is hard to predict which suffix applies to which verbs. Second language learners of Hopi usually simply learn this by rote.

There are some gender specific terms in Hopi:

{| class="wikitable"
! male speech
! female speech
! meaning
|-
|{{lang|hop|a'ni}}
|{{lang|hop|hin'ur}}
|very
|-
|{{lang|hop|kwakwha}}
|{{lang|hop|askwali}}
|thank you
|-
|{{lang|hop|lolma}}
|{{lang|hop|nukwangw}}
|good
|-
|{{lang|hop|owi, 'wi}}
|{{lang|hop|oo'o, 'wiya}}
|yes
|}

=== Morphological processes ===
* [[Elision]] – when the stress-shift would cause a clipped vowel not in the first syllable to have a low stress, that vowel is elided.
* [[Lenition]] – initial ''p'' becomes ''v'' when it becomes internal to a word or when the word is preceded by another word used as an adjectival or an incorporated verbal [[Grammatical modifier|modifier]].
* [[Reduplication]] – stem-initial CV, stem-final CV and word-final V are reduplicated.