Editing Hypernucleus (section)

== Production ==
Several modes of production have been devised to make hypernuclei through bombardment of normal nuclei.

===Strangeness exchange and production===
One method of producing a K<sup>−</sup> meson exchanges a strange quark with a nucleon and changes it to a Λ:{{sfn|Gal|Hungerford|Millener|2016|pp=6–10}}
:p + K<sup>−</sup> → Λ + π<sup>0</sup>
:n + K<sup>−</sup> → Λ + π<sup>−</sup>
The [[cross section (physics)|cross section]] for the formation of a hypernucleus is maximized when the momentum of the kaon beam is approximately 500&nbsp;MeV/''c''.{{sfn|Tolos|Fabbietti|2020|p=49}} Several variants of this setup exist, including ones where the incident kaons are either brought to rest before colliding with a nucleus.{{sfn|Gal|Hungerford|Millener|2016|pp=6–10}}

In rare cases, the incoming K<sup>−</sup> can instead produce a Ξ hypernucleus via the reaction:
:p + K<sup>−</sup> → Ξ<sup>−</sup> + K<sup>+</sup>{{sfn|Gal|Hungerford|Millener|2016|p=16}}

The equivalent [[strangeness production]] reaction involves a π<sup>+</sup> meson reacts with a neutron to change it to a Λ:{{sfn|Gal|Hungerford|Millener|2016|pp=10–12}}
:n + π<sup>+</sup> → Λ + K<sup>+</sup>
This reaction has a maximum cross section at a beam momentum of 1.05&nbsp;GeV/''c'', and is the most efficient production route for Λ hypernuclei, but requires larger targets than strangeness exchange methods.{{sfn|Gal|Hungerford|Millener|2016|pp=10–12}}

===Elastic scattering===
[[Electron scattering]] off of a proton can change it to a Λ and produce a K<sup>+</sup>:{{sfn|Gal|Hungerford|Millener|2016|p=12}}
:p + e<sup>−</sup> → Λ + e<sup>−</sup>{{prime}} + K<sup>+</sup>
where the prime symbol denotes a scattered electron. The energy of an electron beam can be more easily tuned than pion or kaon beams, making it easier to measure and calibrate hypernuclear energy levels.{{sfn|Gal|Hungerford|Millener|2016|p=12}} Initially theoretically predicted in the 1980s, this method was first used experimentally in the early 2000s.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nakamura |first1=Satoshi N. |last2=Fujii |first2=Yuu |last3=Tsukada |first3=Kyo |title=Precision spectroscopy of lambda hypernuclei using electron beams |journal=Nippon Butsuri Gakkai-Shi |date=2013 |volume=68 |issue=9 |pages=584–592 |url=https://inis.iaea.org/search/searchsinglerecord.aspx?recordsFor=SingleRecord&RN=45008322 |issn=0029-0181}}</ref>

===Hyperon capture===
The capture of a Ξ<sup>−</sup> baryon by a nucleus can make a Ξ<sup>−</sup> exotic atom or hypernucleus.<ref name="JPARC E07"/> Upon capture, it changes to a ΛΛ hypernucleus or two Λ hypernuclei.{{sfn|Gal|Hungerford|Millener|2016|p=16,43}} The disadvantage is that the Ξ<sup>−</sup> baryon is harder to make into a beam than singly strange hadrons.{{sfn|Tolos|Fabbietti|2020|p=43}} However, an experiment at [[J-PARC]] begun in 2020 will compile data on Ξ and ΛΛ hypernuclei using a similar, non-beam setup where scattered Ξ<sup>−</sup> baryons rain onto an emulsion target.<ref name="JPARC E07">{{cite journal |last1=Yoshida |first1=J. |collaboration=The J-PARC 07 Collaboration|title=J-PARC E07: Systematic Study of Double Strangeness System with Hybrid Emulsion Method |journal=Proceedings of the 3rd J-PARC Symposium (J-PARC2019) |date=25 March 2021 |volume=33 |page=011112 |doi=10.7566/jpscp.33.011112 |bibcode=2021jprc.confa1112Y |isbn=978-4-89027-146-7 |s2cid=233692057 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

===Heavy-ion collisions===
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