Editing Industrial Revolution (section)

====Invention of textile machinery====
[[File:Spinning jenny.jpg|thumb|A model of the [[spinning jenny]] in a museum in [[Wuppertal]]. Invented by [[James Hargreaves]] in 1764, the spinning jenny was one of the innovations that started the revolution.]]
[[File:Mule-jenny.jpg|thumb|The only surviving example of a spinning mule built by the inventor Samuel Crompton, the mule produced high-quality thread with minimal labour, now on display at [[Bolton Museum]] in [[Greater Manchester]]]]
[[File:Marshall's flax-mill, Holbeck, Leeds - interior - c.1800.jpg|thumb|The interior of Marshall's [[Temple Works]] in [[Leeds]], West Yorkshire]]
The [[flying shuttle]], patented in 1733 by [[John Kay (flying shuttle)|John Kay]]—with subsequent improvements including an important one in 1747—doubled the output of a weaver, worsening the imbalance between spinning and weaving. It became widely used around Lancashire after 1760 when John's son, [[Robert Kay (inventor)|Robert]], invented the dropbox, which facilitated changing thread colors.<ref name="McNeil1990" />{{rp|821–822}}

[[Lewis Paul]] patented the roller [[spinning frame]] and the flyer-and-[[bobbin]] system for drawing wool to a more even thickness. The technology was developed with John Wyatt of [[Birmingham]]. In 1743, a factory opened in [[Northampton]] with 50 spindles on each of five of Paul and Wyatt's machines, this operated until 1764. A similar mill was built by [[Daniel Bourn]]. Paul and Bourn patented [[carding]] machines in 1748. Based on two sets of rollers that travelled at different speeds, it was later used in the first [[cotton mill|cotton spinning mill]].

In 1764, in [[Oswaldtwistle]], Lancashire, [[James Hargreaves]] invented the [[spinning jenny]]. It was the first practical spinning frame with multiple spindles.<ref>R. Ray Gehani (1998). "Management of Technology and Operations". p. 63. John Wiley and Sons, 1998</ref> The jenny worked in a similar manner to the spinning wheel, by first clamping down on the fibres, then drawing them out, followed by twisting.<ref>{{Harvnb|Ayres|1989|p=1}}</ref> It was a simple, wooden framed machine that only cost £6 for a 40-spindle model in 1792<ref>{{cite book|first= David S.|last= Landes|date=1969|title= The Unbound Prometheus|publisher= Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge|isbn= 978-0-521-09418-4|page=63}}</ref> and was used mainly by home spinners. The jenny produced a lightly twisted yarn only suitable for weft, not warp.<ref name="McNeil1990" />{{rp|825–827}}

The [[water frame]], was developed by [[Richard Arkwright]] who, patented it in 1769. The design was partly based on a spinning machine built by Kay, hired by Arkwright.<ref name="McNeil1990" />{{rp|827–830}} The water frame was able to produce a hard, medium-count thread suitable for warp, finally allowing 100% cotton cloth to be made in Britain. Arkwright used water power at a factory in [[Cromford]], [[Derbyshire]] in 1771, giving the invention its name. [[Samuel Crompton]] invented the [[spinning mule]] in 1779, so called because it is a hybrid of Arkwright's water frame and [[James Hargreaves]]'s [[spinning jenny]] (a [[mule]] is the product of crossbreeding a [[mare|female horse]] with a [[donkey|male donkey]]). Crompton's mule could produce finer thread than hand spinning, at lower cost. Mule-spun thread was of suitable strength to be used as a warp and allowed Britain to produce highly competitive yarn in large quantities.<ref name="McNeil1990" />{{rp|832}}

Realising expiration of the Arkwright patent would greatly increase the supply of spun cotton and lead to a shortage of weavers, [[Edmund Cartwright]] developed a vertical [[power loom]] which he patented in 1785.<ref name="McNeil1990" />{{rp|834}} Samuel Horrocks patented a loom in 1813, which was improved by [[Richard Roberts (engineer)|Richard Roberts]] in 1822, and these were produced in large numbers by Roberts, Hill & Co. Roberts was a maker of high-quality machine tools and pioneer in the use of jigs and gauges for precision workshop measurement.<ref>{{Harvnb|Ayres|1989|p=18}}</ref>

The demand for cotton presented an opportunity to [[Planter class|planters]] in the Southern US, who thought upland cotton would be profitable if a better way could be found to remove the seed. [[Eli Whitney]] responded by inventing the inexpensive [[cotton gin]]. A man using a cotton gin could remove seed in one day as would previously have taken two months to process.<ref name="Roe1916">{{citation | last = Roe | first = Joseph Wickham | title = English and American Tool Builders | publisher = Yale University Press | year = 1916 | location = New Haven, Connecticut | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=X-EJAAAAIAAJ | lccn = 16011753 | access-date = 16 October 2015 | archive-date = 3 July 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230703113712/https://books.google.com/books?id=X-EJAAAAIAAJ | url-status = live }}. Reprinted by McGraw-Hill, New York and London, 1926 ({{LCCN|27024075}}); and by Lindsay Publications, Inc., Bradley, Illinois, ({{ISBN|978-0-917914-73-7}}).</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Angela|last=Lakwete|title=Inventing the Cotton Gin: Machine and Myth in Antebellum America|url={{Google books|yJ4_L3QGpRMC|page=PR7|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|year=2005|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|isbn=978-0-8018-8272-2}}</ref>

These advances were capitalised on by [[entrepreneur]]s, of whom the best known is Arkwright. He is credited with a list of inventions, but these were developed by such people as Kay and [[Thomas Highs]]. Arkwright nurtured the inventors, patented the ideas, financed the initiatives, and protected the machines. He created the cotton mill which brought the production processes together in a factory, and developed the use of power, which made cotton manufacture a mechanised industry. Other inventors increased the efficiency of the individual steps of spinning, so that the supply of [[yarn]] increased greatly. Steam power was then applied to drive textile machinery. [[Manchester]] acquired the nickname [[Cottonopolis]] during the early 19th century owing to its sprawl of textile factories.<ref>G.E. Mingay (1986). "The Transformation of Britain, 1830–1939". p. 25. Routledge, 1986</ref>

Though mechanisation dramatically decreased the cost of cotton cloth, by the mid-19th century machine-woven cloth still could not equal the quality of hand-woven Indian cloth. However, the high productivity of British textile manufacturing allowed coarser grades of British cloth to undersell hand-spun and woven fabric in low-wage India, destroying the Indian industry.<ref name="Beckert_2014" />