Editing Instructional scaffolding (section)

===Constructivism and guidance===

[[Constructivism (philosophy of education)|Constructivism]] views knowledge as a "function of how the individual creates meaning from his or her own experiences".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jonassen |first=D. H. |date=1991 |title=Objectivism versus constructivism: do we need a new philosophical paradigm? |journal=[[Educational Technology Research and Development]] |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=5–14 |doi=10.1007/BF02296434|s2cid=53412771 }}</ref> Constructivists advocate that learning is better facilitated in a minimally guided environment where learners construct important information for themselves.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Constructivism in education |publisher=Lawrence Erlbaum |year=1995 |isbn=9780805810950 |editor-last=Steffe |editor-first=L. |location=New Jersey |editor-last2=Gale |editor-first2=J.}}</ref> According to constructivism, minimal guidance in the form of process or task related information should be provided to learners upon request and [[direct instruction]] of learning strategies should not be used because it impedes the natural processes learners use to recall prior experiences.
In this view, for learners to construct knowledge they should be provided with the goals and minimal information and support. Applications that promote [[constructivist learning]] require learners to solve authentic problems or "acquire knowledge in information-rich settings".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kirschner |first=P. A. |date=1992 |title=Epistemology, practical work and academic skills in science education |url=http://hdl.handle.net/1874/12698 |journal=[[Science and Education]] |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=273–299 |doi=10.1007/BF00430277 |bibcode=1992Sc&Ed...1..273K |hdl=1874/12698 |s2cid=146174053 |issn=0926-7220|hdl-access=free }}</ref> An example of an application of constructivist learning is science instruction, where students are asked to discover the principles of science by imitating the steps and actions of researchers.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=van Joolingen |first1=W. R. |last2=de Jong |first2=T. |last3=Lazonder |first3=A. W. |last4=Savelsbergh |first4=E. |last5=Manlove |first5=S. |date=2005 |title=Co-Lab: Research and development of an on-line learning environment for collaborative scientific discovery learning |journal=[[Computers in Human Behavior]] |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=671–688 |doi=10.1016/j.chb.2004.10.039|url=https://ris.utwente.nl/ws/files/6700904/Joolingen05co-lab.pdf }}</ref>