Editing Intellectual (section)

== Criticism ==
[[File:Portrait of Milton Friedman.jpg|thumb|upright|The economist [[Milton Friedman]] identified the intelligentsia and the business class as interfering with capitalism.]]

The French philosopher [[Jean-Paul Sartre]] noted that "the Intellectual is someone who meddles in what does not concern them" ({{Lang|fr|L'intellectuel est quelqu'un qui se mêle de ce qui ne le regarde pas}}).<ref>Annie Cohen-Solal, ''Sartre'', Gallimard, 1989</ref>{{rp|588–9}}

[[Noam Chomsky]] expressed the view that "intellectuals are specialists in [[defamation]], they are basically [[political commissar]]s, they are the ideological administrators, the most threatened by [[Dissident|dissidence]]."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chomsky |first1=Noam |title=Understanding Power |date=2003 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=9780143029915 |page=206}}</ref> In his 1967 article "[[The Responsibility of Intellectuals]]", Chomsky analyzes the intellectual culture in the U.S., and argues that it is largely subservient to [[Power (social and political)|power]]. He is particularly critical of [[Social Science|social scientist]]s and technocrats, who provide a [[Pseudo-science|pseudo-scientific]] justification for the [[State crime|crimes of the state]].

In "An Interview with Milton Friedman" (1974), the American economist [[Milton Friedman]] said that [[businessmen]] and intellectuals are enemies of [[capitalism]]: most intellectuals believed in socialism while businessmen expected economic privileges. In his essay "Why Do Intellectuals Oppose Capitalism?" (1998), the American [[Libertarianism in the United States|libertarian]] philosopher [[Robert Nozick]] of the [[Cato Institute]] argued that intellectuals become embittered leftists because their superior intellectual work, much rewarded at school and at university, are undervalued and underpaid in the capitalist [[market economy]]. Thus, intellectuals turn against capitalism despite enjoying more socioeconomic status than the average person.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.cato.org/pubs/policy_report/cpr-20n1-1.html |title=Why do intellectuals oppose capitalism? |first=Robert |last=Nozick |journal=Cato Policy Report |volume=20 |issue=1 |date=January–February 1998 |pages=1, 9–11 }}</ref>

The [[Conservatism in the United States|conservative]] economist [[Thomas Sowell]] wrote in his book ''[[Intellectuals and Society]]'' (2010) that intellectuals, who are producers of knowledge, not material goods, tend to speak outside their own areas of expertise, and yet expect social and professional benefits from the [[halo effect]] derived from possessing professional expertise. In relation to other professions, public intellectuals are socially detached from the negative and [[unintended consequences]] of [[public policy]] derived from their ideas. Sowell gives the example of  [[Bertrand Russell]] (1872–1970), who advised the British government against national rearmament in the years before the [[Second World War]].<ref>{{cite book|author-last=Sowell| author-first=Thomas|author-link=Thomas Sowell|title=Intellectuals and Society |date=2010|publisher=Basic Books}}</ref>{{rp|218–276}}