Editing July Monarchy (section)

=== Civil unrest (Canut Revolt) and repression ===
{{main|Canut revolts}}
[[File:Revolte des Canuts - Lyon 1831 - 1.jpg|thumb|right|320px|The [[Canut Revolt]] in [[Lyon]], October 1831]]
On 14 March 1831, on the initiative of a patriotic society created by the mayor of [[Metz]], {{lang|fr|[[Jean Baptiste Noël Bouchotte|Jean-Baptiste Bouchotte]]|italic=no}}, the opposition's press launched a campaign to gather funds to create a national association aimed at struggling against any [[Bourbon Restoration in France|Bourbon Restoration]] and the risks of foreign invasion. All the major figures of the Republican Left ({{lang|fr|La Fayette|italic=no}}, {{lang|fr|Dupont de l'Eure|italic=no}}, {{lang|fr|[[Jean Maximilien Lamarque]]|italic=no}}, {{lang|fr|[[Odilon Barrot]]|italic=no}}, etc.) supported it. Local committees were created all over France, leading the new president of the Council, {{lang|fr|Casimir Périer|italic=no}}, to issue a circular prohibiting civil servants from membership of this association, which he accused of challenging the state itself by implicitly accusing it of not fulfilling its proper duties.

In the beginning of April 1831, the government took some unpopular measures, forcing several important personalities to resign: {{lang|fr|Odilon Barrot|italic=no}} was dismissed from the [[Council of State (France)|Council of State]], General {{lang|fr|Lamarque|italic=no}}'s military command suppressed, {{lang|fr|Bouchotte|italic=no}} and the {{lang|fr|[[Alexandre de Laborde|Marquis de Laborde]]|italic=no}} forced to resign. When on 15 April 1831 the {{lang|fr|[[Cour d'assises]]}} acquitted several young Republicans ({{lang|fr|[[Éléonore-Louis Godefroi Cavaignac|Godefroy Cavaignac]]|italic=no}}, {{lang|fr|[[Joseph Guinard]]|italic=no}} and {{lang|fr|[[Audry de Puyraveau]]|italic=no}}'s son), mostly officers of the National Guard who had been arrested during the December 1830 troubles following the trial of Charles X's ministers, new riots acclaimed the news on 15–16 April. But {{lang|fr|Périer|italic=no}}, implementing the 10 April 1831 law outlawing public meetings, used the military as well as the National Guard to dissolve the crowds. In May, the government used [[fire hose]]s as [[crowd control]] techniques for the first time.

Another riot, started on the {{lang|fr|[[rue Saint-Denis (Paris)|Rue Saint-Denis]]|italic=no}} on 14 June 1831, degenerated into an open battle against the National Guard, assisted by the [[Dragoons]] and the infantry. The riots continued on 15 and 16 June.

The major unrest, however, took place in [[Lyon]] with the [[Canuts Revolt]], started on 21 November 1831, and during which parts of the National Guard took the demonstrators' side. In two days, the Canuts took control of the city and expelled {{lang|fr|[[François Roguet|General Roguet]]|italic=no}} and the mayor {{lang|fr|[[Victor Prunelle]]|italic=no}}. On 25 November {{lang|fr|Casimir Périer|italic=no}} announced to the Chamber of Deputies that {{lang|fr|[[Marshal Soult]]|italic=no}}, assisted by the Prince Royal, would immediately march on Lyon with 20,000 men. They entered the city on 3 December re-establishing order without any bloodshed.

Civil unrest, however, continued, and not only in Paris. On 11 March 1832, [[sedition]] exploded in [[Grenoble]] during the [[carnival]]. The prefect had canceled the festivities after a grotesque mask of {{lang|fr|Louis-Philippe|italic=no}} had been displayed, leading to popular demonstrations. The prefect then tried to have the National Guard disperse the crowd, but the latter refused to go, forcing him to call on the army. The 35th regiment of infantry ({{lang|fr|infanterie de ligne}}) obeyed the orders, but this in turn led the population to demand their expulsion from the city. This was done on 15 March and the 35th regiment was replaced by the 6th regiment, from Lyon. When {{lang|fr|Casimir Perier|italic=no}} learnt the news, he dissolved the National Guard of Grenoble and immediately recalled the 35th regiment to the city.

Beside this continuing unrest, in every province, {{lang|fr|[[Dauphiné]]|italic=no}}, [[Picardy]], in {{lang|fr|[[Carcassonne]]|italic=no}}, {{lang|fr|[[Alsace]]|italic=no}}, etc., various Republican conspiracies threatened the government (conspiracy of the {{lang|fr|Tours de Notre-Dame}} in January 1832, of the {{lang|fr|rue des Prouvaires}} in February 1832, etc.) Even the trials of suspects were seized on by the Republicans as an opportunity to address the people: at the trial of the [[Blanquist]] {{lang|fr|[[Société des Amis du peuple]]}} in January 1832, {{lang|fr|[[Raspail]]|italic=no}} harshly criticized the king while {{lang|fr|[[Auguste Blanqui]]|italic=no}} gave free vein to his socialist ideas. All of the accused denounced the government's [[tyranny]], the incredibly high cost of [[Louis-Philippe's civil list]], police persecutions, etc. The omnipresence of the [[French police]], organized during the [[French First Empire]] by {{lang|fr|[[Joseph Fouché|Fouché]]|italic=no}}, was depicted by the Legitimist writer {{lang|fr|[[Honoré de Balzac|Balzac]]|italic=no}} in {{lang|fr|[[Splendeurs et misères des courtisanes]]}}. The strength of the opposition led the Prince Royal to shift his view somewhat further to the right.