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Linguistic relativity
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=== Structure-centered approach === Whorf's argument about Hopi speakers' conceptualization of time is an example of the structure-centered method of research into linguistic relativity, which Lucy identified as one of three main types of research of the topic.<ref name=":3">Lucy, J. A. (1997). "The linguistics of 'color{{'"}}. In C.L. Hardin & L. Maffi (eds.), ''Color categories in thought and language'' (pp. 320β436). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</ref> The "structure-centered" method starts with a language's structural peculiarity and examines its possible ramifications for thought and behavior. The defining example is Whorf's observation of discrepancies between the grammar of time expressions in Hopi and English. More recent research in this vein is Lucy's research describing how usage of the categories of grammatical number and of numeral classifiers in the [[Mayan languages|Mayan language]] [[Yucatec Maya|Yucatec]] result in Mayan speakers classifying objects according to material rather than to shape as preferred by English speakers.{{sfn|Lucy|1992b|p=}} However, philosophers including [[Donald Davidson (philosopher)|Donald Davidson]] and [[Jason Josephson Storm]] have argued that Whorf's Hopi examples are self-refuting, as Whorf had to translate Hopi terms into English in order to explain how they are untranslatable.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Josephson-Storm|first=Jason Δnanda|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1249473210|title=Metamodernism : the future of theory|date=2021|isbn=978-0-226-78679-7|location=Chicago|pages=185|oclc=1249473210}}</ref>
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