Editing Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor (section)

===Avionics===
[[File:F-22 put out Flare.jpg|thumb|left|An F-22 releases a flare during a training flight]]
The aircraft has an integrated avionics system where through sensor fusion, data from all onboard sensor systems as well as off-board inputs are filtered and processed into a combined tactical picture, thus enhancing the pilot's [[situational awareness]] and reducing workload. Key mission systems include [[Sanders Associates|Sanders]]/General Electric AN/ALR-94 electronic warfare system, [[Martin Marietta]] AN/AAR-56 [[infrared]] and [[ultraviolet]] [[Missile Approach Warning|Missile Launch Detector]] (MLD), [[Northrop Grumman Electronic Systems|Westinghouse]]/[[Texas Instruments]] [[AN/APG-77]] [[active electronically scanned array]] (AESA) radar, [[TRW Inc.|TRW]] Communication/Navigation/Identification (CNI) suite, and [[Raytheon]] <!--AN/ASG-XX -->advanced [[infrared search and track]] (IRST) being tested.<ref name="F22greenbats">{{cite web |url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/f-22-raptor-being-readied-for-aim-260-missile-by-green-bats-testers |last=Hunter |first=Jamie |title=F-22 Raptor Being Readied for AIM-260 Missile by Green Bats Testers |work=The War Zone |date=11 August 2022 |access-date=21 August 2022 |archive-date=15 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815231133/https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/f-22-raptor-being-readied-for-aim-260-missile-by-green-bats-testers |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Tirpak |first=John |url=https://www.airandspaceforces.com/new-f-22-sensors-service-life/ |title=New F-22 Sensors Could Help Extend the Raptor's Service Life |work=Air and Space Forces Magazine |publisher=Air and Space Forces Association |date=20 August 2024}}</ref><ref>[https://helitavia.com/avionics/TheAvionicsHandbook_Cap_32.pdf The F-22 avionics architecture is characterized as a common, modular, highly integrated system.]</ref>

The APG-77 radar has a low-observable, active-aperture, electronically scanned antenna with multiple target [[track-while-scan]] in all weather conditions; the antenna is tilted back for stealth. Its emissions can be focused to overload enemy sensors as an [[Radar jamming and deception|electronic attack]] capability. The radar changes frequencies more than 1,000 times per second to [[Low probability of intercept radar|lower interception probability]] and has an estimated range of {{convert|125|-|150|mi|km|abbr=on}} against an {{convert|1|m2|sqft|abbr=on|order=flip}} target and {{convert|250|mi|km|abbr=on}} or more in narrow beams. The upgraded APG-77(V)1 provides air-to-ground functionality through synthetic aperture radar (SAR) mapping, [[Moving target indication|ground moving target indication/track]] (GMTI/GMTT), and strike modes.<ref name="apg77v1fi"/><ref name="avweek_20070107">{{cite web |last1=Fulghum |first1=D.A. |last2=Fabey |first2=M.J |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924005256/http://www.f22-raptor.com/media/documents/aviation_week_010807.pdf |archive-date=24 September 2015 |title=F-22 Combat Ready |work=[[Aviation Week]] |date=8 January 2007 |url=http://www.f22-raptor.com/media/documents/aviation_week_010807.pdf |access-date=7 November 2009}}</ref> The ALR-94 electronic warfare system, among the most technically complex equipment on the F-22, integrates more than 30 antennas blended into the wings and fuselage for all-round [[radar warning receiver]] (RWR) coverage and threat geolocation. It can be used as a passive detector capable of searching targets at ranges (250+ [[Nautical mile|nmi]]) exceeding the radar's, and can provide enough information for a target lock and cue radar emissions to a [[pencil (optics)|narrow beam]] (down to 2° by 2° in azimuth and elevation). Depending on the detected threat, the defensive systems can prompt the pilot to release countermeasures such as flares or chaff. The MLD uses six sensors to provide [[all-aspect|full spherical]] infrared coverage while the advanced IRST, housed in a stealthy wing pod, is a narrow field-of-view sensor for long-range passive identification and targeting.<ref name="mld">{{cite web |url=http://www.lockheedmartin.com/us/products/MissileLaunchDetector.html |title=Missile Launch Detector (MLD) |publisher=Lockheed Martin |access-date=10 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017101911/http://www.lockheedmartin.com/us/products/MissileLaunchDetector.html |archive-date=17 October 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> To ensure stealth in the radio frequency spectrum, CNI emissions are strictly controlled and confined to specific sectors, with tactical communication between F-22s performed using the directional Inter/Intra-Flight Data Link (IFDL); the integrated CNI system, which incorporates a MIDS-JTRS terminal, also manages [[TACAN]], IFF (including [[Aviation transponder interrogation modes|Mode 5]]), and communication through various methods such as [[HAVE QUICK]]/SATURN and [[SINCGARS]].<ref>Klass, Philip J. "Sanders Will Give BAE Systems Dominant Role in Airborne EW." ''Aviation Week'', Volume 153, issue 5, 31 July 2000, p. 74.</ref><ref name="fighter_EW_next">Sweetman 2000, pp. 41–47.</ref> The aircraft was also upgraded with an automatic ground collision avoidance system (GCAS).<ref>{{cite web |last=Tirpak |first=John |url=https://www.airforcemag.com/air-force-starts-fielding-auto-ground-collision-avoidance-system-in-f-35s/ |title=Air Force Starts Fielding Auto Ground Collision Avoidance System in F-35s |work=Air Force Magazine |date=25 July 2019 |access-date=31 March 2020 |archive-date=31 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731040726/https://www.airforcemag.com/air-force-starts-fielding-auto-ground-collision-avoidance-system-in-f-35s/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:CIP F-22.jpg|thumb|A CIP unit for the F-22]]
Information from radar, CNI, and other sensors are processed by two [[Hughes Electronics|Hughes]] Common Integrated Processor (CIP) mission computers, each capable of processing up to 10.5&nbsp;billion [[instructions per second]].<ref>{{cite magazine |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Air Dominance With The F-22 Raptor |url= https://www.scribd.com/document/653138229/Avionics-Magazine-Air-Dominance-With-the-F-22-Raptor-AVIlockheed2j |magazine=Avionics Magazine |location=Rockville, MD |publisher=Access Intelligence |date=2002 |access-date=1 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite report |url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA301209.pdf |title=Defense Science Board report on Concurrency and Risk of the F-22 program |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121201111826/http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA301209&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf |archive-date=1 December 2012 |publisher=Defense Science Board |date=April 1995 |access-date=31 August 2011}}</ref> The F-22's baseline software has some 1.7&nbsp;million [[source lines of code|lines of code]], the majority involving the mission systems such as processing radar data.<ref>Pace 1999, p. 58.</ref> The highly integrated nature of the avionics architecture system, as well as the use of the programming language [[Ada (programming language)|Ada]],{{refn|Former Secretary of the USAF Michael Wynne blamed the use of the DoD's Ada for cost overruns and delays on many military projects, including the F-22, mistakenly referring to Ada as an operating system rather than a programming language, and citing "the scramble to retain talent for ADA when careers were being made in DOS, Apple and LINUX".<ref name=Wynne_Terminate_F-22>Wynne, Michael. [https://sldinfo.com/2009/10/michael-wynne-on-the-industrial-impact-of-the-decision-to-terminate-the-f-22-program/ "Michael Wynne on: The Industrial Impact of the Decision to Terminate the F-22 Program."] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331131234/https://sldinfo.com/2009/10/michael-wynne-on-the-industrial-impact-of-the-decision-to-terminate-the-f-22-program/ |date=31 March 2019}} ''Second Line of Defense'', 2 October 2009. Retrieved 31 August 2011.</ref>|group=N}} has made the development and testing of upgrades challenging. To enable more rapid upgrades, the CIPs were upgraded with [[Curtiss-Wright]] open mission systems (OMS) processor modules as well as a modular open systems architecture called the Open Systems Enclave (OSE) orchestration platform to allow the avionics suite to interface with [[Containerization (computing)|containerized]] software from third-party vendors.<ref name="raptorroadmap2019"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://aviationweek.com/defense-space/sensors-electronic-warfare/flight-test-clears-f-22-fleet-accept-third-party-software |title=Flight Test Clears F-22 Fleet To Accept Third-Party Software |work=Aviation Week |date=30 August 2022 |access-date=31 August 2022 |archive-date=31 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220831204858/https://aviationweek.com/defense-space/sensors-electronic-warfare/flight-test-clears-f-22-fleet-accept-third-party-software |url-status=live}}</ref>

The F-22's ability to operate close to the battlefield gives the aircraft threat detection and identification capability comparative with the [[Rivet Joint|RC-135 Rivet Joint]], and the ability to function as a "mini-[[Airborne early warning and control|AWACS]]", though its radar is less powerful than those of dedicated platforms. This allows the F-22 to rapidly designate targets for allies and coordinate friendly aircraft.<ref name="avweek_20070107"/><ref>{{cite web |last=Pawlyk |first=Oriana |url= https://www.military.com/daily-news/2017/06/27/the-f22-syria-deconflicting-not-dog-fighting.html |title= The F-22 in Syria: Deconflicting, Not Dog-Fighting |date=27 June 2017 |work=Military.com}}</ref> Although communication with other aircraft types was initially limited to voice, upgrades have enabled data to be transferred through a [[Battlefield Airborne Communications Node]] (BACN) or via JTIDS/[[Link 16]] traffic through MIDS-JTRS.<ref name=mids-j>{{cite web |url= https://www.intelligent-aerospace.com/military/article/14187849/bae-f-22-friend-or-foe |title= BAE Systems receives certification for F-22 friend-or-foe capability |work= Intelligent Aerospace |date= 23 November 2020 |access-date= 26 September 2021 |archive-date= 26 September 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210926014451/https://www.intelligent-aerospace.com/military/article/14187849/bae-f-22-friend-or-foe |url-status= live}}</ref> The [[IEEE 1394]]B [[Bus (computing)|bus]] developed for the F-22 was derived from the commercial IEEE 1394 "FireWire" bus system.<ref name="avweek_20070205">Philips, E.H. "The Electric Jet." ''Aviation Week'', 5 February 2007.</ref> In 2007, the F-22's radar was tested as a wireless data transceiver, transmitting data at 548 megabits per second and receiving at gigabit speed, far faster than the Link 16 system.<ref>Page, Lewis. [https://www.theregister.co.uk/2007/06/19/super_stealth_jet_acts_as_flying_wifi_hotspots/ "F-22 superjets could act as flying Wi-Fi hotspots."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005080754/http://www.theregister.co.uk/2007/06/19/super_stealth_jet_acts_as_flying_wifi_hotspots/ |date=5 October 2010}} ''The Register'', 19 June 2007. Retrieved 7 November 2009.</ref> The radio frequency receivers of the electronic support measures (ESM) system give the aircraft the ability to perform [[intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance]] (ISR) tasks.<ref>{{cite web |author=Reed, John. |url=http://www.airforcetimes.com/news/2009/12/airforce_deptula_121909/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120604212938/http://www.airforcetimes.com/news/2009/12/airforce_deptula_121909/ |archive-date=4 June 2012 |title=Official: Fighters should be used for spying |work=Air Force Times |date=20 December 2009 |access-date=9 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Freedberg |first=Sydney |url= https://breakingdefense.com/2016/11/f-22-f-35-outsmart-test-ranges-awacs/ |title= F-22, F-35 Outsmart Test Ranges, AWACS |date=7 November 2016 |work=Breaking Defense}}</ref>