Editing Manticore (section)

== Heraldry ==
<!--[[File:William Hastings, 1st Baron Hastings.jpeg|thumb|right|Manticore/mantyger badge of [[William Hastings, 1st Baron Hastings|William, Lord Hastings]], c. 1470. This version has a pair of tusks protruding up from lower jaw.]]
[[File:Dewalden(1904)-0211-Mayster Ratleffe-mantyger-detail.png|thumb|A man-tyger (manticore), Mayster Ratliffe's  banner.]]
[[File:Dewalden(1904)-0212-Lord Fitzwater-babyon-detail.png|thumb|A man-tyger (manticore), Lord Fitzwater's banner.]]
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 | header= Manticores in heraldry

 | image1 = William Hastings, 1st Baron Hastings.jpeg
 | alt1 = Tusked manticore on heraldic badge of William, Lord Hastings, c. 1470
 | caption1 = Manticore/mantyger badge of [[William Hastings, 1st Baron Hastings|William, Lord Hastings]], c. 1470. This version has tusks.

 | image2 = Dewalden(1904)-0212-Lord Fitzwater-babyon-detail.png
 | alt2 = A man-tyger (manticore), Lord Fitzwater's banner
 | caption2 = A man-tyger (manticore), Lord Fitzwater's (Radcliffe's) banner.<ref name="de_walden"/>

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The likeness of manticore or similar creatures by another name (i.e. '''mantyger''')  have been used in heraldry, spanning from the late [[High Middle Ages]] into the modern period.

The mantyger is glossed as merely a variant reading of manticore in the [[Oxford English Dictionary|OED]],<ref name="OED-mantyger"/> though the 17th century heraldry collector [[Randle Holme#Randle Holme III (1627–1700)|Randle Holme]] made a fine distinction between manticore and mantyger. Holme's description of the manticore seems to derive directly from naturalist Edward Topsell (cf. above),{{blockquote|[The manticore has] the face of a man, the mouth open to the ears with a treble row of teeth beneath and above; long neck, whose greatness, roughness, body and feet are like a Lyon: of a red colour, his tail like the tail of a Scorpion of the Earth, the end armed with a sting, casting forth sharp pointed quills.<ref>{{cite book |first=Randle |last=Holme |author-link=Randle Holme#Randle Holme III (1627–1700) |chapter=Second book, Chapter X, LIII |title=The Academy of Armorie and Blazon |place=Chester |year=1688 |chapter-url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A44230.0001.001/1:11.9?rgn=div2;submit=Go;subview=detail;type=simple;view=fulltext;q1=mantiger |page=212 }}, quoted in {{harvp|Dennys|1975|p=115}}.</ref>}} while he describes the mantyger as having {{blockquote|the face and ears of a man, the body of a Tyger, and whole footed like Goose or Dragon; yet others make it with feet like a Tyger,}}etc., and also noting that they may be horned or unhorned.<ref>{{harvp|Holme|1688}}, [https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A44230.0001.001/1:11.8.10?rgn=div3;submit=Go;subview=detail;type=simple;view=Tyger Second book, Chapter IX, XVII-XIX], p. 175,  quoted in {{harvp|Dennys|1975|p=115}}.</ref>

The manticore  first appeared in [[English heraldry]] in c. 1470, as a badge of [[William Hastings, 1st Baron Hastings]]; and in the 16th century.{{sfnp|Dennys|1975|pp=115–116}}

The mantyger device was later used as a badge by [[Robert Radcliffe, 1st Earl of Sussex]], and by Sir [[Anthony Babyngton]].{{sfnp|Dennys|1975|pp=115–116}} The Radford[e]'s device was described as "3 mantygers argent" by one source, c. 1600.<ref name="baringould&twigge"/><ref name="OED"/> Thus in heraldic discourse the term "manticore" became usurped by "'''mantyger'''" during the 17–18th centuries, and "'''mantiger'''" in the 19th.<ref name="OED"/>{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|The corruption of amalgamation of ''man'' and ''[[tiger]]'' suggests [[false etymology]].<!--cn (mot stated in OED)-->}}

It is noted that the manticore/mantiger of heraldic devices has a beast of prey body as standard, but sometimes chosen to be given dragon feet.<ref name="OED"/> The Radcliffe family manticore appears to have human feet,<ref name="rothery"/> and (not so surprisingly), a chronicler described as a "Babyon" (baboon) the device by John Radcliffe (Lord Fitzwater) accompanying Henry VIII into war in France.{{Refn|Cott. MS. Cleop. C. v. fol. 59.<ref name="de_walden"/>}} It has also been speculated the Babyngton device is intended to represent the "Babyon, or baboon, as a play upon his name", and it too also has characteristically "monkey-like feet".{{sfnp|Dennys|1975|p=116}}{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|Related to the topic of the heraldic manticore/mantiger exhibiting "baboon" feet, it should be mentioned that there emerged a term "mantegar" meaning a "type of baboon", first attested in 1704.<ref name="OED-mantegar"/> This is also conjectured to derived from corruption of "manticore".<ref name="OED-mantegar"/> As a consequence, the term "mantyger" became an ambiguously variant of "manticore" or "mantegar",<ref name="OED-mantyger"/> after c. 1704, assuming that is the correct approximate dating when the word in that sense was coined. }}

The typical heraldic manticore is supposed to have not only the face of an old man, but spiraling horns as well,<ref name="OED"/><ref name="rothery"/>{{sfnp|Dennys|1975|pp=114–117}} although this is not really ascertainable in the Radcliffe family badge, where the purple manticore is wearing a yellow cap<ref name="de_walden"/> (cap of dignity <ref name="rothery"/>).