Editing March (territory) (section)

===Italy===
{{Expand section|date=June 2008}}
{{For|the modern Italian region|Marche}}

From the Carolingian period onwards the name ''marca'' begins to appear in Italy, first the [[Marca Fermana]] for the mountainous part of [[Picenum]], the Marca Camerinese for the district farther north, including a part of [[Umbria]], and the Marca Anconitana for the former [[Pentapolis]] ([[Ancona]]). In 1080, the ''marca Anconitana'' was given in investiture to [[Robert Guiscard]] by [[Pope Gregory VII]], to whom the [[Matilda of Tuscany|Countess Matilda]] ceded the marches of [[Camerino]] and [[Fermo]].

In 1105, the [[Emperor Henry IV]] invested [[Werner II of Spoleto|Werner]] with the whole territory of the three marches, under the name of the [[March of Ancona]]. It was afterwards once more recovered by the Church and governed by papal legates as part of the [[Papal States]]. The Marche became part of the [[Kingdom of Italy]] in 1860. After [[Italian unification]] in the 1860s, [[Austria-Hungary]] still controlled territory Italian nationalists [[Italian irredentism|still claimed as part of Italy]]. One of these territories was [[Austrian Littoral]], which Italian nationalists began to call the [[Julian March]] because of its positioning and as an act of defiance against the hated Austro-Hungarian empire.

''Marche'' were repeated on a miniature level, fringing many of the small territorial states of pre-[[Risorgimento]] Italy with a ring of smaller dependencies on their borders, which represent territorial ''marche'' on a small scale. A map of the [[Duchy of Mantua]] in 1702 (Braudel 1984, fig 26) reveals the independent, though socially and economically dependent arc of small territories from the [[principality of Castiglione]] in the northwest across the south to the duchy of [[Mirandola]] southeast of [[Mantua]]: the lords of [[Bozzolo|Bozolo]], [[Sabbioneta|Sabioneta]], [[Dosolo]], [[Guastalla]], the count of [[Novellara|Novellare]].