Editing Microclimate (section)

==Cities and regions known for microclimates==

===Americas===
* [[Northern California]] above the Bay Area is also well known for microclimates with significant differences of temperatures.{{Citation needed|date=January 2020}} The coastline typically has daytime temperatures of {{convert|17|and|19|C|F}} during summer months along that coastline, but inland towns not far from the ocean such as [[Lakeport, California|Lakeport]], can be as hot as {{convert|34|C|F|abbr=on}} in an average summer day, in spite of being just around {{Convert|40|mi|km|abbr=}} inland. Even as far north as the [[Klamath River]] valley around the [[41st parallel north]] between [[Willow Creek, California|Willow Creek]] and [[Eureka, California|Eureka]] averages such temperatures, which is extremely hot for such northerly areas. At this parallel, the temperature at the coast is so cool that Willow Creek beats [[Eureka, California|Eureka]]'s all-time record temperature on average 79 times per year. This is in spite of the areas being less than {{Convert|50|mi|km|abbr=}} from each other.
** [[San Francisco]] is a city with various microclimates. Due to the city's varied topography and influence from the prevailing summer [[marine layer]], weather conditions can vary by as much as 9&nbsp;°F (5&nbsp;°C) from block to block and a full 30&nbsp;°F (17&nbsp;°C) between the coastal fog belt and the heat island of downtown. The [[Noe Valley]] district for example, is typically warmer and sunnier than adjacent areas because the surrounding hills block some of the cool fog from the Pacific.
** The region as a whole, known as the [[San Francisco Bay area|San Francisco Bay Area]] can have a wide range of extremes in temperature. In the basins and valleys adjoining the coast, climate is subject to wide variations within short distances as a result of the influence of topography on the circulation of marine air. The San Francisco Bay Area offers many varieties of climate within a few miles. In the Bay Area, for example, the average maximum temperature in July is about {{convert|64|F|C|abbr=on}} at [[Half Moon Bay, California|Half Moon Bay]] on the coast, {{convert|87|F|C|abbr=on}} at [[Walnut Creek, California|Walnut Creek]] only {{convert|25|mi|km|abbr=on}} inland, and {{convert|95|F|C|abbr=on}} at [[Tracy, California|Tracy]], just {{convert|50|mi|km|abbr=on}} inland.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/narratives/CALIFORNIA.htm |title=Climate Of California |publisher=Western Regional Climate Center |website=Wrcc.dri.edu |access-date=2014-02-02 |archive-date=2009-07-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090721042030/http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/narratives/CALIFORNIA.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* The [[Los Angeles]] and [[San Diego]] areas are also subject to phenomena typical of a microclimate.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ECOSTRESS maps LA's hot spots |url=https://climate.nasa.gov/news/2802/ecostress-maps-las-hot-spots |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=US Department of Commerce |first=NOAA |title=San Diego Climate |url=https://www.weather.gov/sgx/san-san |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=National Weather Service |language=EN-US}}</ref> The temperatures can vary as much as {{convert|36|F-change|abbr=on}}) between inland areas and the coast, with a temperature gradient of over one degree per mile (1.6&nbsp;km) from the coast inland. Hills and mountains can also block coastal air masses. The [[San Fernando Valley]] is usually much warmer in summer than most of Los Angeles, because the [[Santa Monica Mountains]] usually block the cool ocean breezes and fog. Southern California has also a weather phenomenon called "[[June Gloom]]" or "May Grey", which sometimes gives overcast or foggy skies in the morning at the coast, but usually gives sunny skies by noon, during late spring and early summer.
* The [[Big Island of Hawaii]] is also an area known for microclimates,<ref>{{Cite web |last=US Department of Commerce |first=NOAA |title=Climate of Hawai'i |url=https://www.weather.gov/hfo/climate_summary |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=www.weather.gov |language=EN-US}}</ref> as [[Kailua-Kona]] and [[Hilo, Hawaii]], experience rainfall of {{convert|18|in|mm|abbr=on}} and {{convert|127|in|mm|abbr=on}} per year, respectively, despite being just {{convert|60|mi|km|abbr=on}} from each other.
* [[Calgary|Calgary, Alberta]], is also known for its microclimates.{{Citation needed|date=January 2020}} Especially notable are the differences between the downtown and river valley/flood plain regions and the areas to the west and north. This is largely due to an elevation difference within the city's boundaries of over {{convert|1000|ft|m|abbr=on}}, but can also be somewhat attributed to the effects of the seasonal [[Chinook wind|Chinooks]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scarboro.ca/articles/Calgary%20Gardening%20Climate.htm |title=Calgary's Gardening Climate |publisher=Scarboro.ca |date=2008-05-05 |access-date=2014-02-02}}</ref>
* [[Halifax, Nova Scotia]], also has numerous microclimates.{{Citation needed|date=January 2020}} Coastal temperatures and weather conditions can differ considerably from areas located just {{convert|5|–|15|km|abbr=on}} inland. This is true in all seasons. Varying elevations are common throughout the city, and it is even possible to experience several microclimates while traveling on a single highway due to these changing elevations.
* [[Vancouver]] and its [[Metro Vancouver|metro area]] also has many microclimates.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dailyhive.com/vancouver/environment-canada-metro-vancouver-forecast-weather-map|title=Environment Canada splits Metro Vancouver into 5 weather forecast sub-areas|publisher=DH News Vancouver|author=Kenneth Chan|access-date=March 21, 2020}}</ref> [[North Vancouver (district municipality)|North Vancouver]] and other regions situated on the mountain slopes get over {{convert|2000|mm|in}} of precipitation a year on average, while other regions to the south get around {{convert|1000|mm|in}}, although they are less than {{convert|40|km|mi}} away. Temperatures in the [[Fraser Valley]] inland may be up to 10&nbsp;°C (18&nbsp;°F) warmer than the coast, while in winter they are several degrees colder.
* [[Chesapeake Bay]] is also known for its subtropical microclimate.<ref name=":0" /> It is most notable for its mild climatic effects on the area east and west of the lowlands of Maryland and Delmarva. Having over {{Convert|64000|sqmi|abbr=}} of water; (most of which is a mix of fresh and salt water) creates higher levels of humidity and heat in the spring and summer months. An example of this effect is the survival of subtropical palm trees and plants such as water hyacinths<ref>{{cite web|url=http://extension.umd.edu/learn/august-ornamental-plant-tips|title=Learn – University of Maryland Extension|website=extension.umd.edu}}</ref> in the area.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbf.org/about-the-bay/more-than-just-the-bay|title=More than Just the Bay}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite journal|url=http://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/iss_pub/46/|title=Estimating Watershed Biodiversity: An Empirical Study of the Chesapeake Bay in Maryland, USA|first1=Morimoto|last1=Junko|first2=Voinov|last2=Helena|first3=Wilson, Matthew|last3=A.|first4=Costanza|last4=Robert|date=14 July 2017|journal=Journal of Geographic Information and Decision Analysis}}</ref>
* [[Chile Chico]] and [[Los Antiguos]] on the southern shores of [[General Carrera Lake]] have favourable conditions for [[agriculture in Chile|agriculture]] despite being in inner [[Patagonia]].<ref>Muñoz Rebolledo, M. (2011). Paisajes del agua y trayectorias del arraigo en la Patagonia chilena. CA. ''Ciudad y arquitectura'', (147), 44-49.</ref>
*[[New York City]] and its surrounding metro area feature an extensive urban heat island, and influence from the Atlantic Ocean. These factors cause it to be the northernmost major city in the US that [[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] describes as [[Humid subtropical climate|humid subtropical]], with the city being in the 7a/7b/8a USDA zones, compared to nearby cities south of it, which feature lower zones.

===Europe===
* The [[Ticino]] region in [[Switzerland]] has a microclimate in which palm trees and banana trees can grow.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thestkittsnevisobserver.com/where-palm-trees-grow-in-a-finger-of-switzerland/|title=Where Palm Trees Grow in a Finger of Switzerland|date=
December 4, 2020|work=The St Kitts & Nevis Observer}}</ref>
* [[Gran Canaria]] is called "Miniature Continent" for its rich variety of microclimates.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tripreporter.co.uk/gran-canaria/|title=Gran Canaria, the Miniature Continen|author=Andy Mossak|date=1 June 2013|website=Trip Reporter}}</ref>
* [[Tenerife]] is known for its wide variety of microclimates.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tenerife climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time|url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/canary-islands/tenerife|access-date=2020-06-09|website=www.climatestotravel.com}}</ref>
* [[Istanbul]] exhibits a multitude of distinct microclimates because of its hilly topography and maritime influences.<ref>{{cite web |title=Comparisons of Annual Meanprecipations of Annual Meanprecipitation Gridded and Station Data: An Example from Istanbul, Turkey Yıllık Ortalama Gridlenmiş Yağış Verisi ve İstasyon Yağış Verisinin Karşılaştırılması, İstanbul Örneği – USTAOĞLU – Marmara Coğrafya Dergisi |url=http://e-dergi.marmara.edu.tr/marucog/article/view/1012000723/1012000620/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025758/http://e-dergi.marmara.edu.tr/marucog/article/view/1012000723/1012000620/ |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=12 February 2016 |work=marmara.edu.tr}}</ref> Within the city, average summer mean temperatures range from {{Convert|20-24|C|F}} depending on proximity to the [[Black Sea]], with more significant differences on certain days. Rainfall also varies widely owing to the [[rain shadow]] of the hills in Istanbul, from around {{convert|600|mm|in|sp=us}} on the southern fringe at [[Florya]] to {{convert|1200|mm|in|sp=us}} on the northern fringe at [[Bahçeköy, Sarıyer|Bahçeköy]].<ref>{{cite web |title=İstanbul Bölge Müdürlüğü'ne Bağlı İstasyonlarda Ölçülen Ekstrem Değerler |trans-title=Extreme Values Measured in Istanbul Regional Directorate |url=http://www.dmi.gov.tr/files/kurumsal/ekitap/4mevsim2/s5152.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110524043933/http://www.dmi.gov.tr/files/kurumsal/ekitap/4mevsim2/s5152.pdf |archive-date=24 May 2011 |access-date=27 July 2010 |publisher=Turkish State Meteorological Service |language=tr}}</ref> Furthermore, while the city itself lies in [[Hardiness zone|USDA hardiness zones]] 9a to 9b, its inland suburbs lie in zone 8b with isolated pockets of zone 8a, restricting the cultivation of cold-hardy [[Subtropics|subtropical]] plants to the coasts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bitki Soğuğa ve Sıcağa Dayanıklılık |url=https://www.mgm.gov.tr/tarim/bitki-soguga-ve-sicaga-dayaniklilik.aspx?g=b |access-date=2021-04-28 |website=www.mgm.gov.tr}}</ref>
* [[Leeds]], located in Yorkshire, England, is known to have a number of microclimates because of the number of valleys surrounding the city centre.{{Citation needed|date=January 2020}}
* The central west coast of Portugal, similarly to California, has huge differences in summer temperatures from the surrounding inland regions. In less than {{convert|60|km|abbr=on}}, average daily summer temperatures can vary through as much as 10 degrees Celsius/18 degrees Fahrenheit, from {{convert|21|C|abbr=on}} in [[Peniche, Portugal|Peniche]] or [[São Pedro de Moel]] to around {{convert|31|C}} in [[Santarém, Portugal|Santarém]] or [[Tomar]]. This phenomenon is caused by local [[upwelling]] created by the northern [[Nortada]] winds.<ref>{{cite web |title=Coastal fogs, the climate of the central littoral |url=https://bestweather.org/nevoeiros-costeiros/ |publisher=bestweather.org |access-date=10 July 2021 |language=pt-PT |date=6 July 2020}}</ref>
* The coastal areas in the [[Andalusia]] region of [[Spain]] has a microclimate.{{Citation needed|date=January 2020}} Further north along the coast, [[Cádiz]] has a summer average of {{convert|27|C|F|abbr=on}} with warm nights, whereas nearby [[Jerez de la Frontera]] has summer highs of {{convert|33|C|F|abbr=on}} with inland areas further north such as [[Seville]] being even hotter.
* [[Sorana (Pescia)|Sorana]], a commune in Italy's Pescia Valley with a microclimate considered ideal for growing the [[Sorana bean]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=The importance of place : geographical indications as a tool for local and regional development|last1=van Caenegem|first1=William|last2=Cleary|first2=Jen|isbn=978-3-319-53073-4|location=Cham, Switzerland|pages=266|oclc=980874944|date = 2017-03-27}}</ref>
* The [[Nizza, Frankfurt|Nizza]] (Nice) district of [[Frankfurt-am-Main]], Germany is a small area on the north bank of the [[River Main]] where wind shelter and sunlight reflected off the river produces a [[Mediterranean climate]] and supports one of the largest gardens of southern European plants north of the Alps.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://frankfurt.de/english/discover-and-experience/sightseeing/gardens/nizza|title=Nizza|website=Stadt Frankfurt-am-Main|accessdate=24 November 2023}}</ref>

===Asia and Oceania===
* [[Amman]], Jordan, has extreme examples of microclimate, and almost every neighbourhood exhibits its own weather.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://arlt-lectures.com/jordan-amman.pdf |title=''Ever-growing Amman'', Jordan: Urban expansion, social polarisation and contemporary urban planning issues |publisher=www.journals.elsevier.com/habitat-international |journal=Habitat International |date=2008 |access-date=2014-02-02 |first=Robert B. |last=Potter |author2=Khadija Darmame |author3=Nasim Barham |author4=Stephen Nortcliff |volume=33 |pages=81–92|doi=10.1016/j.habitatint.2008.05.005}}</ref> It is known among locals that some boroughs such as the northern and western suburbs are among the coldest in the city, and can be experiencing frost or snow whilst other warmer districts such as the city centre can be at much warmer temperatures at the same time.
* [[Sydney]], Australia, has a microclimate occurring prominently in the warmer months.{{Citation needed|date=January 2020}} Inland, in [[Greater Western Sydney|Sydney's western suburbs]], the climate is drier and significantly hotter with temperatures generally around {{convert|3|-|7|C-change|0|abbr=on}} above [[Sydney CBD]] and [[Eastern Suburbs (Sydney)|Eastern Suburbs]] (the coast), as [[sea breeze]]s do not penetrate further inland. In summer, the coast averages at {{convert|25.9|C|F|abbr=on}}, while inland varies between {{convert|28|and|30|C|F}}, depending on the suburb.<ref name="acnsa">{{BoM Aust stats|site_ref=cw_066037_All|site_name=Sydney/Kingsford-Smith International Airport|access-date=27 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{BoM Aust stats|site_ref=cw_067113_All|site_name=Penrith|access-date=19 January 2014}}</ref> In extreme occasions, the Coast would have a temperature of {{convert|24|C|F}}, while a suburb {{convert|20|km|2|abbr=on}}) inland bakes in {{convert|36|C|F|abbr=on}} heat. However, winter lows in the West are around {{convert|3|-|5|C-change|0|abbr=on}} cooler than the coastal suburbs, and may provide mild to moderate frost.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livingin-australia.com/climate-weather-sydney/|title=Sydney's Climate|website=www.livingin-australia.com}}</ref> Within the city and surrounds, rainfall varies, from around {{Convert|682.5|mm|2|abbr=on}} in the far-west to {{convert|1213.8|mm|2|abbr=on}} at Observatory Hill (the east or the coast).<ref name="acnbc">{{BoM Aust stats|site_ref=cw_067108_All|site_name=Badgerys Creek AWS|access-date=19 January 2014}}</ref>