Editing Microexpression (section)

==Controversy==
Though the study of microexpressions has gained popularity through popular media, studies show it lacks internal consistency{{example needed|date=December 2018}} in its conceptual formation.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://pss.sagepub.com/content/19/5/508.abstract|doi=10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02116.x|title=Reading Between the Lies|year=2008|last1=Porter|first1=Stephen|last2=Ten Brinke|first2=Leanne|journal=Psychological Science|volume=19|issue=5|pages=508–514|pmid=18466413|s2cid=20775868|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

Maria Hartwig, professor of Psychology at John Jay College of Criminal Justice, argues that it has led to wrongful imprisonment of suspects who were aggressively interrogated due to perceived microexpressions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hartwig |first=Maria |date=2022-03-13 |title=No, you can't really tell if someone is lying from their facial expressions |url=https://www.salon.com/2022/03/13/lie-detection-pseudoscience/ |access-date=2023-01-12 |website=Salon |language=en}}</ref>

A 2016 article in ''Nature'' explains that it is possible to mask involuntary expressions with fake expressions, and that in real world situations, over 40% of the time we can not tell the difference.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Iwasaki |first1=Miho |last2=Noguchi |first2=Yasuki |date=2016-02-26 |title=Hiding true emotions: micro-expressions in eyes retrospectively concealed by mouth movements |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=22049 |doi=10.1038/srep22049 |pmid=26915796 |pmc=4768101 |bibcode=2016NatSR...622049I |issn=2045-2322}}</ref>

Judee K. Burgoon argues in a 2018 ''Frontiers in Psychology'' opinion that micro expressions theory presumes that people feel detectible emotions always connected to the same thoughts or motivations. But what if, for example, people feel happy rather than guilty about deceiving others?<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Burgoon |first=Judee K. |date=20 September 2018 |title=Microexpressions Are Not the Best Way to Catch a Liar |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327774358 |journal=Frontiers in Psychology |volume=9 |page=1672 |doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01672 |pmid=30294288 |pmc=6158306 |via=ResearchGate|doi-access=free }}</ref> Burgoon also cites studies showing that micro-expressions are rare:<blockquote>In one of the very few investigations of microexpression frequency, Porter and ten Brinke (2008) coded 700 high-stakes genuine and falsified emotional expressions and found only 2% were microexpressions.</blockquote>and that they seldom result in arrests when implemented at places like airports:<blockquote>testimony to the U.S. Congress revealed that only 0.6% out of 61,000 passenger referrals to law enforcement in 2011 and 2012 resulted in arrests (U.S. Government Accountability Office, 2013)</blockquote>