Editing Modoc people (section)

===Treaty with the United States===
[[File:Modoc women.jpg|thumb|left|L to R, standing: US Indian agent, ''[[Winema]]'' (Tobey) Riddle, a Modoc; and her husband Frank Riddle, with four Modoc women sitting in the front two rows. Photographed by [[Eadweard Muybridge]], 1873.]]
The United States, the Klamath, the Modoc, and the [[Yahooskin]] band of [[Snake Indians|Snake]] tribes signed a treaty in 1864 that established the [[Klamath Reservation]].<ref name=ohs/> It required the tribes to cede the land bounded on the north by the [[44th parallel north|44th parallel]], on the west and south by the ridges of the [[Cascade Mountains]], and on the east by lines touching [[Goose Lake (Oregon-California)|Goose Lake]] and Henley Lake back up to the 44th parallel.<ref name=report1865>''Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs'', pp. 104–105</ref>

In return, the United States was to make a lump sum payment of $35,000, and annual payments totaling $80,000 over 15 years,<ref name=arnold507/> as well as provide infrastructure and staff for a reservation. The treaty provided that if the Indians drank or stored intoxicating liquor on the reservation, the payments could be withheld and that the United States could locate additional tribes on the reservation in the future.<ref name=report1865/> 

The treaty required that the Modoc surrender their lands near Lost River, Tule Lake, and Lower Klamath Lake in exchange for lands in the Upper Klamath Valley.<ref name=arnold507/><ref>Neiderheiser, p. 260</ref> They did so, under the leadership of Chief Schonchin.<ref>Heard, p. 275</ref> The Indian agent estimated the total population of the three tribes at about 2,000 when the treaty was signed.<ref>''Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs'', pp. 10, 102</ref>

The land of the reservation did not provide enough food for both the Klamath and the Modoc peoples. Illness and tension between the tribes increased. The Modoc requested a separate reservation closer to their ancestral home, but neither the federal nor the California government approved it.<ref name=arnold507/><ref>Waldman, p. 169</ref>

In 1870 ''[[Kintpuash]]'' (also called Captain Jack) led a band of Modoc to leave the reservation and return to their traditional homelands. They built a village near the Lost River. These Modoc had not been adequately represented in the treaty negotiations and wished to end the harassment by the Klamath on the reservation.<ref>Ruby and Brown, p. 211</ref>