Editing Multilingualism (section)

===Psychology===
A study in 2012 has shown that using a foreign language reduces decision-making biases. It was surmised that the [[Framing effect (psychology)|framing effect]] disappeared when choices are presented in a second language. As human reasoning is shaped by two distinct modes of thought: one that is systematic, analytical and cognition-intensive, and another that is fast, unconscious and emotionally charged, it was believed that a second language provides a useful cognitive distance from automatic processes, promoting analytical thought and reducing unthinking, emotional reaction. Therefore, those who speak two languages have better critical thinking and decision-making skills.<ref>{{cite journal
 |author1=Boaz Keysar |author2=Sayuri L. Hayakawa |author3=Sun Gyu An |date = 18 April 2012
 |title = The Foreign-Language Effect: Thinking in a Foreign Tongue Reduces Decision Biases
 |journal = Psychological Science
 |volume = 23
 |issue = 6
 |pages=661–668
 |doi = 10.1177/0956797611432178 |pmid=22517192|s2cid=1397617 }}</ref> A study published a year later found that switching to a second language seems to exempt bilinguals from social norms and constraints, such as [[political correctness]].<ref name="ParadowskiGawinkowskaBilewicz2013">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gawinkowska M, Paradowski MB, Bilewicz M |title=Second language as an exemption from sociocultural norms. Emotion-Related Language Choice revisited |journal=PLOS ONE|volume=8 |issue=12 |pages=e8122 |year=2013 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0081225 |pmid=24349044 |pmc=3859501 |bibcode=2013PLoSO...881225G |doi-access=free }}</ref> In 2014, another study showed that people using a foreign language are more likely to make utilitarian decisions when faced with moral dilemmas, such as the [[trolley problem]] and its variations. Participants in this study chose the utilitarian option more often in the Fat Man dilemma when it was presented in a foreign language. For the related Switch Track dilemma, however, the use of a foreign language presented no significant influence on the choices participants made. The authors of this study surmised that a foreign language lacks the emotional impact of one's native language.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Costa | first1=Albert | last2=Foucart | first2=Alice | last3=Hayakawa | first3=Sayuri | last4=Aparici | first4=Melina | last5=Apesteguia | first5=Jose | last6=Heafner | first6=Joy | last7=Keysar | first7=Boaz | title=Your Morals Depend on Language | journal=PLOS ONE | publisher=Public Library of Science (PLoS) | volume=9 | issue=4 | date=23 April 2014 | issn=1932-6203 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0094842 | doi-access=free | pmid=24760073 |pmc=3997430 | bibcode = 2014PLoSO...994842C | page=e94842}}</ref>