Editing Multinational state (section)

=== Asia ===
{{further|Ethnic groups in Asia}}

==== Afghanistan ====
{{further|Demographics of Afghanistan|Ethnic groups in Afghanistan}}
While [[Pashto]] and [[Dari]] being [[Afghanistan]]'s two official languages, the nation is separated into several ethnolinguistic groups which the major ones include the [[Pashtuns]], [[Tajiks in Afghanistan|Tajiks]], [[Hazaras]], [[Uzbeks in Afghanistan|Uzbeks]], [[Aimaqs]], [[Afghan Turkmens|Turkmens]], [[Balochs]], and [[Sayyid|Sadats]]. Among the minor groups are the [[Pashayis]], [[Nuristanis]], [[Pamiris]], [[Kurds in Afghanistan|Kurds]], [[Kyrgyz in Afghanistan|Kyrgyz]], and several others.

==== Bhutan ====
{{further|Ethnic groups in Bhutan}}

The four major groups that compose Bhutan's ethnic population are the [[Ngalop people|Ngalops]], which make up the majority, the [[Sharchops]], the [[Lhotshampa]]s, and the aboriginal or indigenous tribal peoples living in villages and communities scattered throughout the country. There are also [[Tibetan diaspora|Tibetan refugees]] that have been around since 1959 during the [[1959 Tibetan Rebellion]].

==== Cambodia ====
{{further|Ethnic groups in Cambodia}}
While the ethnic [[Khmer people|Khmer]] make up 90-94% of [[Cambodia]], others consists of four different major minority groups: the [[Chams]], the indigenous highland [[Khmer Loeu]] tribes, the ethnic [[Chinese in Cambodia|Chinese]], and the ethnic [[Vietnamese Cambodians|Vietnamese]], in addition to other smaller minority groups such as the [[Khmer Krom]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-06-19 |title=Cambodia - World Directory of Minorities & Indigenous Peoples |url=https://minorityrights.org/country/cambodia/ |access-date=2023-04-22 |website=Minority Rights Group |language=en-GB}}</ref>

====China====
{{main|Ethnic groups in China}}

{{See also|Ethnic groups in Taiwan|Taiwanese indigenous peoples}}
[[File:Ethnolinguistic map of China 1983.png|thumb|250px|Ethnolinguistic map of China]]
The [[China|People's Republic of China]] (PRC) is a multinational state consisting of 56 ethnic groups with the [[Han Chinese|Han]] people the largest ethnic group in mainland China. As of 2010, 91.51% of the population were classified as Han (~1.2 billion).<ref>{{cite web|title=Han Chinese proportion in China's population drops: census data |date=28 April 2011 |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2011-04/28/c_13849933.htm |website=Xinhua News (English) |access-date=1 September 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160711022113/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2011-04/28/c_13849933.htm |archive-date=11 July 2016}}</ref> Besides the [[Han Chinese]] majority, 55 other ethnic (minority) groups are categorized in present China, numbering approximately 105 million people (8%), mostly concentrated in the bordering northwest, north, northeast, south and southwest but with some in central interior areas.

The major [[Ethnic minorities in China|minority ethnic groups in China]] are [[Zhuang people|Zhuang]] (16.9 million), [[Hui people|Hui]] (10.5 million), [[Manchu people|Manchu]] (10.3 million), [[Uyghurs|Uyghur]] (10 million), [[Miao people|Miao]] (9.4 million), [[Yi people|Yi]] (8.7 million), [[Tujia people|Tujia]] (8.3 million), [[Tibetan people|Tibetan]] (6.2 million), [[Mongolians in China|Mongolian]] (5.9 million), [[Dong people|Dong]] (2.8 million), [[Buyei people|Buyei]] (2.8 million), [[Yao people|Yao]] (2.7 million), [[Bai people|Bai]] (1.9 million), [[Koreans in China|Korean]] (1.8 million), [[Hani people|Hani]] (1.6 million), [[Li people|Li]] (1.4 million), [[Kazakhs in China|Kazakh]] (1.4 million) and [[Dai people|Dai]] (1.2 million).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/pcsj/rkpc/6rp/indexch.htm |title=index |website=www.stats.gov.cn}}</ref> At least 126,000 people from [[Canada]], the [[US]] and [[Europe]] are living in Mainland China.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.beijingrelocation.com/blog/expats-in-china-nationalities-and-in-which-cities-they-settle/ |title=Expats in China: Nationalities and in which cities they settle}}</ref> In addition, there are also [[Unrecognized ethnic groups in China|unrecognized ethnic groups]], for example: [[Chuanqing people]] (穿青人), and others, who account for over 730,000 people.

However, the [[Taiwan|Republic of China]] (ROC), which [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|ruled]] mainland China from 1912 to 1949 and currently governs the island of Taiwan since 1945, had recognized five main ethnic groups under [[Five Races Under One Union]]: Han, Hui, Manchu, Mongol and Tibetan. Since retreating to Taiwan, the ROC government recognizes 16 groups of [[Taiwanese aborigines]], which constitutes a number 569,000 or 2.38% of the [[Geography of Taiwan|island]]'s population. The PRC classifies them as ''Gāoshān''.

====India====
{{further|Ethnic groups of India|Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes}}
[[India]] has more than 2,000 ethnolinguistic groups which includes over 645 indigenous tribes with 52 major tribes among them, and over 80,000 subcultures, and every major religion is represented being [[Hinduism in India|Hinduism]], [[Islam in India|Islam]], [[Adivasi]], [[Sikhism]], [[Buddhism in India|Buddhism]], and [[Christianity in India|Christianity]] as are four major [[Language family|language families]] ([[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]], [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]], [[Austroasiatic]], and [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]]) and a [[language isolate]] ([[Nihali]]).

Each state and [[union territory]] of India has one or more official languages, and the [[Constitution of India]] recognizes in particular 22 "[[Languages with official status in India|scheduled languages]]". It also recognizes 212 scheduled tribal groups, which together constitute about 7.5% of the country's population.{{citation needed|date=July 2012}}

Most of its states are based on a [[Languages with official status in India|linguistic]] ethnicity,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chari |first=Mridula |title=How the map of India was redrawn on the lines of language |url=http://scroll.in/article/820359/how-the-map-india-was-redrawn-on-the-lines-of-language |access-date=2020-06-16 |website=Scroll.in |date=November 2016 |language=en-US}}</ref> including [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], and [[Chhattisgarh]] ([[Hindustanis]]), [[Gujarat]] ([[Gujaratis]]), [[West Bengal]] ([[Bengalis]]), [[Maharashtra]] ([[Marathis]]), [[Odisha]] ([[Odias]]), [[Goa]] ([[Konkani people|Konkanis]]),   [[Haryana]] ([[Haryanvi people|Haryanvis]]), [[Rajasthan]] ([[Rajasthanis]]), [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] ([[Punjabis in India|Punjabis]]), [[Tamil Nadu]] ([[Tamils]]), [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]] ([[Telugus]]), [[Karnataka]] ([[Kannada people|Kannada]]), [[Kerala]] ([[Malayali]]s), [[Assam]] ([[Assamese people|Assamese]]), [[Nagaland]] ([[Naga people|Nagas]]), [[Manipur]] ([[Meitei people|Manipuris]]), [[Mizoram]] ([[Mizo people|Mizos]]), [[Meghalaya]] ([[Khasi people|Khasi]]), [[Tripura]] ([[Tripuri people|Tripuri]]), and [[Sikkim]] ([[Sikkimese people|Sikkimese]]). [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] is the only union territory in the country based on this which is home to the [[Kashmiris]], [[Dogras]], [[Ladakhis]], [[Gurjar|Gujjars]], [[Bakarwal|Bakarwals]], [[Pahari people (Kashmir)|Paharis]], [[Dard people|Dards]], [[Hani people|Hanjis]], and several other people groups.

Furthermore, several other Indian states are themselves ethnically, linguistically, and religiously diverse. The tribes of [[Uttar Pradesh]] are [[Agaria|Agarias]], [[Baiga tribe|Baigas]], [[Bhar|Bhars]], [[Chero|Cheros]], [[Gondi people|Gonds]], [[Kolis]], [[Korwa people|Korwas]], [[Tharus]], [[Bhoksa people|Bhoksas]], [[Bhotiya|Bhotiyas]], [[Jaunsaris]], and [[Rajis]]; [[Madhya Pradesh]] is where tribes such as the Gonds, [[Bhil|Bhils]], Baiga, [[Korku people|Korku]], [[Bharia people|Bhadia]], [[Halba (tribe)|Halba]], [[Karul people|Kaul]], [[Madia Gond|Mariya]], [[Malto people|Malto]] and [[Sahariya]]; [[Chhattisgarh]]'s tribal population consists mainly of the Gonds, [[Kanwar (tribe)|Kanwars]], [[Binjhwari language|Brinjhwasr]], [[Bhaina]], [[Bhatra]], [[Oraon people|Uraon]], [[Oraons]], [[Kamar language|Kamar]], Halba, Baiga, [[Sanwra|Sanwras]], [[Korwa people|Korwas]], [[Bharia people|Bhariatis]], [[Nageshia|Nageshias]], [[Manghwar|Manghwars]], [[Kharia people|Kharias]], and [[Dhanwar (community development block)|Dhanwars]]; [[Bihar]] has the [[Bhojpuri people|Bhojpuris]], [[Maithils]], and [[Magahi people|Magadhis]], and [[Jharkhand]] has the [[Santhals]], [[Oraons]], [[Mundas]], [[Kharia people|Kharias]], and [[Ho people|Hos]] while both states are home to several other groups like the [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]-speaking peoples; [[Uttarakhand]] is where the [[Garhwali people|Garhwalis]], [[Kumaoni people|Kumaonis]], and tribes like the Jaunsaris, Bhotiyas, Tharus, Bhoksas, Rajis, and [[Banrawats]] resides; [[Karnataka]] houses the [[Kannadigas]], [[Tuluvas]], and several others; [[Himachal Pradesh]] is home to tribes like the [[Kinnauri language|Kinnauris]], [[Gujjars]], [[Lahuli–Spiti languages|Lahaulis]], [[Gaddis]], [[Swangla|Swanglas]], [[Pangwali|Pangwalis]], [[Khampa (people)|Khampas]], and others; [[Arunachal Pradesh]] being the home of various tribes like the [[Galo tribe|Abor]], [[Hruso people|Hruso]], [[Apatanis]], [[Nyishis]], [[Tagin people|Tagins]], [[Galo people|Galos]], [[Khamti people|Khamptis]], [[Mishmi people|Mishmis]], [[Monpa people|Monpa]], any Naga tribes, [[Sherdukpen people|Sherdukpens]], and [[Singpho people|Singpho]]; the [[Assam]] includes the Assamese, [[Bodo people|Bodo]], and [[Karbi people]]s.

====Indonesia====
{{further|Ethnic groups in Indonesia|Native Indonesians}}
[[File:Indonesia Ethnic Groups Map English.svg|thumb|280px|Map showing ethnic groups native to Indonesia]]
Indonesia is a very diverse country with over 600 ethnic groups.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ananta |first1=Aris |last2=Arifin |first2=Evi Nurvidya |last3=Hasbullah |first3=M Sairi |last4=Handayani |first4=Nur Budi |last5=Pramono |first5=Agus |year=2015 |title=Demography of Indonesia's Ethnicity |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=crKfCgAAQBAJ |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |isbn=978-981-4519-87-8|pp=12, 27–28 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bps.go.id/news/2015/11/18/127/mengulik-data-suku-di-indonesia.html|title=Mengulik Data Suku di Indonesia|publisher=Statistics Indonesia|access-date=1 January 2021|language=id|date=18 November 2015}}</ref> The vast majority of them speak [[Austronesian languages]] and among these tribal people groups are the [[Javanese people|Javanese]], [[Sundanese people|Sundanese]], [[Malay Indonesians|Malays]], [[Madurese people|Madurese]], [[Bugis]], [[Torajan people|Torajans]], [[Bataks]], [[Mandarese people|Mandarese]], [[Minangkabau people|Minangkabau]], [[Betawi people|Betawi]], [[Banjarese people|Banjarese]], [[Acehnese people|Acehnese]], [[Balinese people|Balinese]], [[Dayaks]], [[Sasaks]], [[Cirebonese people|Cirebonese]], [[Lampungese people|Lampungese]], [[Palembang people|Palembang]], [[Gorontalo people|Gorontaloa]], [[Minahasan]], [[Nias people|Nias]], and [[Makassar people|Makassarese]]. Another group of indigenous peoples in the country are the native [[Melanesians]] in the [[Maluku Islands]] and [[Western New Guinea]], which include tribes such as the Ambonese, native [[Timorese people]]s, Biak, [[Dani people|Dani]], Moi, Arfak, Amungme, [[Asmat people|Asmat]], and [[Korowai people|Korowai]], among others. Non-indigenous peoples includes [[Indos]] (half-Dutch, half-native Indonesians), [[Mardijkers]], ethnic [[Chinese in Indonesia|Chinese]] and [[Peranakans]], [[Arabs in Indonesia|Arabs]], and [[Indians in Indonesia|Indians]].

The largest ethnicity in Indonesia is the Javanese which makes up 40% of the population and most of them live indigenously in [[Java island]], the most populous island in the country. Generally, people who live outside of [[Jakarta]] still retain the ethnic language and utilize it in daily conversations. As a result, formation of distinct dialects each unique to the regions, is prominently used among the population.

==== Laos ====
{{further|Demographics of Laos|List of ethnic groups in Laos}}
The government of [[Laos]] recognizes over 160 ethnic groups with 49 main ethnicities. These main Laotian ethnic groups separated into 4 linguistic groups which are 8 [[Lao-Tai Languages|Lao-Tai]] peoples which includes the ethnic [[Lao people|Lao]] who make up the majority in the country, 32 [[Mon Khmer|Mon-Khmer]] peoples, 7 [[Tibeto-Burmese]] peoples, and 2 [[Hmong people|Hmong]]-[[Yao people|Loumien]] peoples. They are generally spread across the nation each with their own distinct traditions, cultures and languages.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hays |first=Jeffrey |title=ETHNIC GROUPS AND MINORITIES IN LAOS {{!}} Facts and Details |url=https://factsanddetails.com/southeast-asia/Laos/sub5_3c/entry-2962.html |access-date=2023-04-22 |website=factsanddetails.com |language=en}}</ref>

====Malaysia====
{{further|Ethnic groups in Malaysia}}

When it was formed on 16 September 1963, [[Malaysia]] comprised four independent, self-governing nations: [[Federation of Malaya|Malaya]], [[Singapore]], [[Sabah]], and [[Sarawak]]. In 1965, Singapore seceded from the federation. Today, Malaya, Sabah, and Sarawak each have their own ethnic majority. Generally, however, Malaysia is considered to have three major groups: [[Bumiputera (Malaysia)|Bumiputeras]] ([[Malaysian Malays|Malays]], [[Orang Asli]], various native tribes of the [[Borneo States|Borneo states]], and [[Peranakans]]), ethnic [[Malaysian Chinese|Chinese]], and ethnic [[Malaysian Indian|Indians]]. While the Malays make up the majority of population in the country, the [[Ibans]] for Sarawak and the [[Kadazan-Dusun]], [[Murut people|Murut]], and [[Sama Bajau peoples|Sama-Bajau peoples]] for Sabah are dominant in their respective states. [[Malay language|Malay]] is the primary official and national language, followed by [[English language|English]]. In Sabah and Sarawak, English is the official language, although many locals speak a dialect of Malay.

====Myanmar====
{{further|List of ethnic groups in Myanmar}}
[[File:Ethnolinguistic map of Burma 1972 en.svg|200px|thumb|An ethnolinguistic map of Burma, 1972]]
[[Myanmar]] (also known as Burma) is an ethnically diverse nation with 135 distinct [[ethnic group]]s officially recognized by the [[politics of Myanmar|Burmese Government]]. These are grouped into eight "major national ethnic races": [[Bamar people|Bamar]], [[Chin peoples|Chin]], [[Kachin people|Kachin]], [[Karen people|Karen]], [[Karenni people|Kayah]], [[Mon people|Mon]], [[Rakhine people|Rakhine]], [[Shan people|Shan]]<ref>[http://www.myanmar.gov.mm/ministry/hotel/fact/race.htm Retrieved from Myanmar Ministry of Hotels and Tourism webpage at] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071220174829/http://www.myanmar.gov.mm/ministry/hotel/fact/race.htm |date=20 December 2007 }}</ref>

The "major national ethnic races" are grouped primarily according to region rather than linguistic or ethnic affiliation, as for example the Shan Major National Ethnic Race includes 33 ethnic groups speaking languages in at least four widely differing language families.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://myanmartravelinformation.com/mti-myanmar-people/index.htm |title=Myanmar People & Races |access-date=2007-12-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100609072939/http://myanmartravelinformation.com/mti-myanmar-people/index.htm |archive-date=9 June 2010 |df=dmy-all }} For example, the [[Shan people|Shan]] speak a [[Tai–Kadai languages|Tai–Kadai]] language, the [[Lahu people|Lahu]] speak a [[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman]] language, the [[Khmu people|Khamu]] speak a [[Mon–Khmer languages|Mon–Khmer]] language, and the [[Yao people|Yao]] speak a [[Hmong–Mien languages|Hmong–Mien]] language.</ref>

Many unrecognized ethnic groups exist, the largest being the [[Burmese Chinese]] and [[Panthay]] (who together form 3% of the population), [[Burmese Indians]] (who form 2% of the population), [[Rohingya people|Rohingya]], [[Anglo-Burmese people|Anglo-Burmese]] and [[Burmese Gurkha|Gurkha]].

==== Nepal ====
{{further|Ethnic groups in Nepal}}
[[File:Nepal-ethnic-groups-map.jpg|200px|thumb| Ethnic groups in Nepal]]
[[Nepal]] is a multi-ethnic country with over 100 ethnic groups. Most ethnic groups fall into one of two categories and either speak [[Indo-Aryan languages]] or [[Sino-Tibetan languages]]. The official language of the country is [[Nepali language|Nepali]], earlier known as Gorkhali in the [[Kingdom of Nepal]], which is part of the Indo-Aryan group and is the spoken by majority of the population. 

The [[Indo-Aryan languages]] languages are spoken by [[Madhesi people]] ( [[Maithili people|Maithili]], [[Bhojpuri people| Bhojpuri]], [[Awadhi people| Awadhi]]) and [[Tharu people| Tharu]] ethnic groups which constitutes majority of the speakers in southern Nepal in the [[Terai]] region.<ref name="worldatlas.com">{{cite web |last1=Sen Nag |first1=Oishimaya |title=What Languages Are Spoken In Nepal? |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-languages-are-spoken-in-nepal.html |website=WorldAtlas |access-date=19 February 2023}}</ref> The people who speak [[Sino-Tibetan languages]] includes [[Tamang people|Tamang]], [[Newar people|Newari]], [[Magar people| Magar]], [[Gurung people| Gurung]], [[Kiranti]] and [[Sherpa people| Sherpa]] ethnic groups in central and northern Nepal.<ref name="worldatlas.com"/> Much of the ethnic groups migrated from neighbouring countries over the centuries from [[India]] and [[Tibet]].<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal|last1=Massey|first1=Douglas S.|last2=Axinn|first2=William G.|date=August 2010|title=Environmental change and out-migration: evidence from Nepal|journal=Population and Environment|volume=32|issue=2–3|pages=109–136|doi=10.1007/s11111-010-0119-8|pmid=21350676|pmc=3042700}}</ref>

====Pakistan====
{{further|Ethnic groups of Pakistan}}
[[File:Mother Tongue by Pakistani District - 2017 Census.svg|thumb|250px|Dominant Ethnolinguistic Group in each Pakistani [[Districts of Pakistan|District]] as of the [[2017 Pakistan Census]]]]
[[Pakistan]]'s population comprises various ethnolinguistic groups; the major groups are the [[Punjabis]], [[Pashtuns]], [[Sindhis]], [[Saraikis]], [[Balochs]], [[Brahuis]], [[Pahari people (Kashmir)|Paharis]], and [[Muhajir (Pakistan)|Muhajirs]]. Minor groups includes the [[Kashmiris]], [[Chitralis]], [[Shina people|Shina]], [[Balti people|Baltis]], [[Indus Kohistani people|Kohistanis]], [[Torwali people|Torwalis]], [[Hazaras]], [[Burusho people|Burusho]], [[Wakhi people|Wakhis]], [[Kalash people|Kalash]], [[Siddi]]s, [[Uzbeks in Pakistan|Uzbeks]], [[Nuristanis]], [[Pamiris]], [[Hazarawals|Hazarewals]] and several other minorities.

Present-day Pakistan arose out of the [[Pakistan Movement]], which demanded a separate state for the Muslims of the [[British Raj]]. The movement was based on the [[two-nation theory]] put forward by [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]: the idea that Hindus and Muslims in British India represented not only different religious communities but also distinct nations, and hence that, in the event of [[Indian independence movement|Indian independence]], they should be divided into two nation states. Jinnah (known in Pakistan as "Quaid-e-Azam", meaning "the great leader"){{Citation needed|date=January 2017}} outlined the theory as follows:

{{blockquote|It is extremely difficult to appreciate why our Hindu friends fail to understand the real nature of Islam and Hinduism. They are not religious in the strict sense of the word, but are, in fact, different and distinct social orders, and it is a dream that the Hindus and Muslims can ever evolve a common nationality, and this misconception of one Indian nation has troubles and will lead India to destruction if we fail to revise our notions in time. The Hindus and Muslims belong to two different religious philosophies, social customs, literatures. They neither intermarry nor interdine together and, indeed, they belong to two different civilizations which are based mainly on conflicting ideas and conceptions. Their aspect on life and of life are different. It is quite clear that Hindus and Mussalmans derive their inspiration from different sources of history. They have different epics, different heroes, and different episodes. Very often the hero of one is a foe of the other and, likewise, their victories and defeats overlap. To yoke together two such nations under a single state, one as a numerical minority and the other as a majority, must lead to growing discontent and final destruction of any fabric that may be so built for the government of such a state."<ref name=dt-march>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2011%5C03%5C23%5Cstory_23-3-2011_pg3_6|title=VIEW: March towards independence|newspaper=Daily Times|date=23 March 2011|access-date=29 September 2011}}</ref><ref name="res3">[http://www.nazariapak.info/data/quaid/statements/two-nation.asp Excerpt from the Presidential Address delivered by Quaid-e-Azam at Lahore, March 22–23, 1940] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060628044030/http://www.nazariapak.info/data/quaid/statements/two-nation.asp |date=2006-06-28 }}, Nazariapak.info</ref>}}

This movement culminated in the creation of Pakistan in 1947 through the [[partition of India]]. [[Urdu]] was then promoted as the national language of all [[Muslim nationalism in South Asia|South Asian Muslims]]. However, Pakistan remains ethnically diverse. Punjabis are the largest ethnolinguistic group, but at 45 percent of the population, they do not make up an absolute majority. Furthermore, only 8 percent of Pakistanis speak the national language, Urdu, as their [[First language|mother tongue]]. As a result, many nationalist movements that oppose the two-nation theory have emerged, arguing that Pakistan is not only a linguistically diverse state but also a multinational one, and that, therefore, each ethnolinguistic group of Pakistan is a distinct nation.<ref name="pakethnat">{{cite book |author=Tariq Rahman |title=Language and Politics in Pakistan |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1996 |page=2}}</ref> Common grievances of these movements include the idea that Punjabis dominate Pakistan politically and economically, thus marginalizing other groups, and that the establishment of Urdu as the country's sole official language is a form of [[cultural imperialism]] that ignores the heritage of Pakistan's diverse peoples.

The most successful of these movements was [[Bengali nationalism]], which led to the creation of the [[Bengali language|Bengali]]-speaking nation-state of [[Bangladesh]]. The movement asserted that Urdu's official status gave an unfair advantage to Muhajirs (most of whom speak Urdu as their mother tongue) and Punjabis (whose mother tongue, [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], is similar to Urdu, and many of whom were educated in Urdu under British rule). Bengalis feared they would be marginalized despite their demographic strength as, at the time, the largest ethnic group of Pakistan. These grievances culminated in the secession of [[East Bengal]] (which had been part of the administrative unit of [[East Pakistan]]) and the creation of Bangladesh.

Today, nationalist movements within Pakistan include those of the [[Sindhi nationalism|Sindhis]], [[Pashtun nationalism|Pashtuns]], [[Baloch nationalism|Balochs]], [[Muttahida Qaumi Movement – Pakistan|Mohajirs]], and [[Kashmiriyat|Kashmiris]]. The members of these movements assert that Islam cannot be considered the sole basis for nationhood, and that Pakistan is therefore a multinational state. Their demands range from increased autonomy or the transformation of Pakistan into a [[federation]], to the recognition of [[language rights]] for non-Urdu-speaking populations, to outright secession.

Despite the fact that Punjabis are widely seen as the dominant ethnic group in Pakistan, both economically and politically, there is also a small [[Punjabiyat|Punjabi movement]] that asserts that the Punjabi language has been unfairly subordinated to Urdu and supports the reestablishment of cultural and economic links with [[East Punjab]] in India.<ref name="punjnat">{{cite book |author=Tariq Rahman |url=http://www.apnaorg.com/articles/rahman2.html |title='The Punjabi Movement' from ''Language and Politics in Pakistan''}}</ref>

====Philippines====
{{further|Ethnic groups in the Philippines}}
[[File:Peoples of the Philippines en.svg|thumb|Dominant ethnic groups by province]]
The Philippines has more than 182 distinct ethnolinguistic groups that the vast majority of them speaking [[Austronesian languages]], with the [[Tagalogs]], [[Bisayans]], [[Ilocanos]], [[Bicolano people|Bikols]], [[Kapampangan people|Kapampangans]], [[Pangasinan people|Pangasinans]], [[Ivatans]], [[Romblomanon people|Romblomanons]], [[Masbateño people|Masbateños]], [[Kamayo people|Kamayos]], [[Moro people|Moros]], [[Igorots]], [[Lumad]]s, [[Mangyans]], and [[Zamboangueño people|Zamboangueños]] being the most prevalent. Among the immigrants and mixed peoples are the [[Spanish Filipinos]], [[Chinese Filipinos]], [[Japanese in the Philippines|Japanese Filipinos]], [[Filipino people of Spanish ancestry|Mestizo de Españols]], [[Mestizo de sangley|Mestizo de Sangleys]], [[Torna atrás|Tornatrás]], [[Indian Filipinos]], [[Sangirese people|Sangils]], [[Jewish Filipinos]], and [[American Filipinos]].

==== Thailand ====
{{further|Demographics of Thailand|Ethnic groups in Thailand}}
There are some 70 ethnic groups in [[Thailand]] which make up 24 ethnolinguistically [[Tai peoples]] such as the [[Thai people|Central Thais]], [[Isan people|Isan]], and [[Northern Thai people|Northern Thais]], 22 [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]] peoples, with significant populations of [[Northern Khmer people|Northern Khmer]] and [[Kuy people|Kuy]], 11 [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]]-speaking [[Hill tribe (Thailand)|hill tribes]], 3 [[Austronesian peoples]] being [[Malays in Thailand|Malays]], [[Moken]], and [[Urak Lawoi]]. Immigrants in the nation includes communities like the [[Chinese in Thailand|Chinese]], [[Indians in Thailand|Indians]], and [[Thai Portuguese]]. However, the Royal Thai Government officially recognizes only 62 of these ethnolinguistic groups.

====Vietnam====
{{further|Demographics of Vietnam|List of ethnic groups in Vietnam}}
The Vietnamese government recognizes [[List of ethnic groups in Vietnam|54 ethnic groups]], of which the Viet (Kinh) is the largest; according to official Vietnamese figures (2019 census), [[Vietnamese people|ethnic Vietnamese]] account for 85.32% of the nation's population and the non-Vietnamese ethnic groups account for the remaining percent. The ethnic Vietnamese inhabit a little less than half of Vietnam, while the ethnic minorities inhabit the majority of Vietnam's land (albeit the least fertile parts of the country).

The central highland peoples commonly termed [[Degar]] or Montagnards ([[mountain people]]) consist of two main ethnolinguistic types--[[Malayo-Polynesian]] and [[Mon–Khmer]]. About 30 groups of various cultures and dialects are spread over the highland territory.

Other minority groups include the [[Chams]]—remnants of the once-mighty [[Champa]] Kingdom, conquered by the Vietnamese through a progress called "[[Nam Tiến]]", [[Hmong people|Hmong]], [[Hoa people|Chinese]], and [[Thai people in Vietnam|Thái]].