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Nanosensor
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=== Defense and military === Nanoscience as a whole has many potential applications in the defense and military sector- including chemical detection, decontamination, and forensics. Some nanosensors in development for defense applications include nanosensors for the detection of explosives or toxic gases. Such nanosensors work on the principle that gas molecules can be distinguished based on their mass using, for example, piezoelectric sensors. If a gas molecule is adsorbed at the surface of the detector, the resonance frequency of the crystal changes and this can be measured as a change in electrical properties. In addition, field effect transistors, used as [[potentiometer]]s, can detect toxic gases if their gate is made sensitive to them.<ref name=":4">Ngo C., Van de Voorde M.H. (2014) Nanotechnology for Defense and Security. In: Nanotechnology in a Nutshell. Atlantis Press, Paris</ref> In a similar application, nanosensors can be utilized in military and law enforcement clothing and gear. The Navy Research Laboratory's Institute for Nanoscience has studied [[quantum dot]]s for application in [[nanophotonics]] and identifying biological materials. Nanoparticles layered with polymers and other receptor molecules will change color when contacted by analytes such as toxic gases.<ref name=":4" /> This alerts the user that they are in danger. Other projects involve embedding clothing with [[Biometrics|biometric]] sensors to relay information regarding the user's health and vitals,<ref name=":4" /> which would be useful for monitoring soldiers in combat. Surprisingly, some of the most challenging aspects in creating nanosensors for defense and military use are political in nature, rather than technical. Many different government agencies must work together to allocate budgets and share information and progress in testing; this can be difficult with such large and complex institutions. In addition, visas and immigration status can become an issue for foreign researchers - as the subject matter is very sensitive, government clearance can sometimes be required.<ref name=":5">Carafano, J. {{unfit|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20170311064411/https://www.heritage.org/defense/report/nanotechnology-and-national-security-small-changes-big-impact "Nanotechnology and National Security: Small Changes, Big Impact"]}}. (accessed Dec 3, 2018)</ref> Finally, there are currently not well defined or clear regulations on nanosensor testing or applications in the sensor industry, which contributes to the difficulty of implementation.
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