Editing Non-coding RNA (section)

===Bifunctional RNA===

''Bifunctional RNAs'', or ''dual-function RNAs'', are RNAs that have two distinct functions.<ref name="pmid18042713">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wadler CS, Vanderpool CK | title = A dual function for a bacterial small RNA: SgrS performs base pairing-dependent regulation and encodes a functional polypeptide | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 104 | issue = 51 | pages = 20454–20459 | date = December 2007 | pmid = 18042713 | pmc = 2154452 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0708102104 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2007PNAS..10420454W }}</ref><ref name="pmid19043537">{{cite journal | vauthors = Dinger ME, Pang KC, Mercer TR, Mattick JS | title = Differentiating protein-coding and noncoding RNA: challenges and ambiguities | journal = PLOS Computational Biology | volume = 4 | issue = 11 | pages = e1000176 | date = November 2008 | pmid = 19043537 | pmc = 2518207 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000176 | veditors = McEntyre J | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2008PLSCB...4E0176D }}</ref>  The majority of the known bifunctional RNAs are mRNAs that encode both a protein and ncRNAs. However, a growing number of ncRNAs fall into two different ncRNA categories; e.g., [[snoRNA|H/ACA box snoRNA]] and [[miRNA]].<ref name="pmid19043559">{{cite journal | vauthors = Saraiya AA, Wang CC | title = snoRNA, a novel precursor of microRNA in Giardia lamblia | journal = PLOS Pathogens | volume = 4 | issue = 11 | pages = e1000224 | date = November 2008 | pmid = 19043559 | pmc = 2583053 | doi = 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000224 | veditors = Goldberg DE | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="pmid19026782">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ender C, Krek A, Friedländer MR, Beitzinger M, Weinmann L, Chen W, Pfeffer S, Rajewsky N, Meister G | display-authors = 6 | title = A human snoRNA with microRNA-like functions | journal = Molecular Cell | volume = 32 | issue = 4 | pages = 519–528 | date = November 2008 | pmid = 19026782 | doi = 10.1016/j.molcel.2008.10.017 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

Two well known examples of bifunctional RNAs are [[SgrS RNA]] and [[RNAIII]]. However, a handful of other bifunctional RNAs are known to exist (e.g., steroid receptor activator/SRA,<ref name="pmid17710122">{{cite journal | vauthors = Leygue E | title = Steroid receptor RNA activator (SRA1): unusual bifaceted gene products with suspected relevance to breast cancer | journal = Nuclear Receptor Signaling | volume = 5 | pages = e006 | date = August 2007 | pmid = 17710122 | pmc = 1948073 | doi = 10.1621/nrs.05006 }}</ref> VegT RNA,<ref name="pmid9012531">{{cite journal | vauthors = Zhang J, King ML | title = Xenopus VegT RNA is localized to the vegetal cortex during oogenesis and encodes a novel T-box transcription factor involved in mesodermal patterning | journal = Development | volume = 122 | issue = 12 | pages = 4119–4129 | date = December 1996 | pmid = 9012531 | doi = 10.1242/dev.122.12.4119 | s2cid = 28462527 }}</ref><ref name="pmid16000384">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kloc M, Wilk K, Vargas D, Shirato Y, Bilinski S, Etkin LD | title = Potential structural role of non-coding and coding RNAs in the organization of the cytoskeleton at the vegetal cortex of Xenopus oocytes | journal = Development | volume = 132 | issue = 15 | pages = 3445–3457 | date = August 2005 | pmid = 16000384 | doi = 10.1242/dev.01919 | doi-access = free }}</ref> 
Oskar RNA,<ref name="pmid16835436">{{cite journal | vauthors = Jenny A, Hachet O, Závorszky P, Cyrklaff A, Weston MD, Johnston DS, Erdélyi M, Ephrussi A | display-authors = 6 | title = A translation-independent role of oskar RNA in early Drosophila oogenesis | journal = Development | volume = 133 | issue = 15 | pages = 2827–2833 | date = August 2006 | pmid = 16835436 | doi = 10.1242/dev.02456 | doi-access = free }}</ref> [[ENOD40]],<ref name="pmid17452360">{{cite journal | vauthors = Gultyaev AP, Roussis A | title = Identification of conserved secondary structures and expansion segments in enod40 RNAs reveals new enod40 homologues in plants | journal = Nucleic Acids Research | volume = 35 | issue = 9 | pages = 3144–3152 | year = 2007 | pmid = 17452360 | pmc = 1888808 | doi = 10.1093/nar/gkm173 }}</ref> p53 RNA<ref name="pmid19160491">{{cite journal | vauthors = Candeias MM, Malbert-Colas L, Powell DJ, Daskalogianni C, Maslon MM, Naski N, Bourougaa K, Calvo F, Fåhraeus R | display-authors = 6 | title = P53 mRNA controls p53 activity by managing Mdm2 functions | journal = Nature Cell Biology | volume = 10 | issue = 9 | pages = 1098–1105 | date = September 2008 | pmid = 19160491 | doi = 10.1038/ncb1770 | s2cid = 5122088 }}</ref> [[SR1 RNA]],<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Gimpel M, Preis H, Barth E, Gramzow L, Brantl S | title = SR1--a small RNA with two remarkably conserved functions | journal = Nucleic Acids Research | volume = 40 | issue = 22 | pages = 11659–11672 | date = December 2012 | pmid = 23034808 | pmc = 3526287 | doi = 10.1093/nar/gks895 }}</ref> and [[Spot 42 RNA]].<ref name="pmid35239441">{{cite journal | vauthors = Aoyama JJ, Raina M, Zhong A, Storz G | title = Dual-function Spot 42 RNA encodes a 15-amino acid protein that regulates the CRP transcription factor | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 119 | issue = 10 | pages = e2119866119 | date = March 2022 | pmid = 35239441 | pmc = 8916003 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.2119866119 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2022PNAS..11919866A }}</ref>)  Bifunctional RNAs were the subject of a 2011 special issue of [[Biochimie]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Francastel C, Hubé F | title = Coding or non-coding: Need they be exclusive? | journal = Biochimie | volume = 93 | issue = 11 | pages = vi-vii | date = November 2011 | pmid = 21963143 | doi = 10.1016/S0300-9084(11)00322-1 | url = https://zenodo.org/record/889579 }}</ref>