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==Initiatives== SkillsCommons was developed in 2012 under the California State University Chancellor's Office and funded through the $2 billion U.S. Department of Labor's [[TAACCCT]] initiative. Led by Assistant Vice Chancellor, Gerard Hanley, and modeled after sister project, [[MERLOT]], SkillsCommons open workforce development content was developed and vetted by 700 community colleges and other TAACCCT institutions across the United States. The SkillsCommons content exceeded two million downloads in September 2019 and at that time was considered to be the world's largest repository of open educational and workforce training materials. A parallel initiative, [[OpenStax CNX]] (formerly Connexions), came out of [[Rice University]] starting in 1999. In the beginning, the Connexions project focused on creating an open repository of [[user-generated content]]. In contrast to the OCW projects, content licenses are required to be open under a [[Creative Commons]] Attribution International 4.0 (CC BY) license. The hallmark of Connexions is the use of a custom XML format CNXML, designed to aid and enable mixing and reuse of the content. In 2012, [[OpenStax]] was created from the basis of the Connexions project. In contrast to user-generated content libraries, OpenStax hires subject matter experts to create college-level textbooks that are peer-reviewed, openly licensed, and available online for free.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.pcmag.com/commentary/346309/free-textbooks-from-rice-openstax-too-good-to-be-true|title=Free Textbooks From Rice OpenStax: Too Good to Be True?|work=PCMAG|access-date=2017-08-23|language=en}}</ref> Like the content in OpenStax CNX, OpenStax books are available under [[Creative Commons license|Creative Commons CC BY licenses]] that allow users to reuse, remix, and redistribute content as long as they provide attribution. OpenStax's stated mission is to create professional grade textbooks for the highest-enrollment undergraduate college courses that are the same quality as traditional textbooks, but are adaptable and available free to students.<ref name=":1" /> Other initiatives derived from [[MIT OpenCourseWare]] are [[China Open Resources for Education]] and [[OpenCourseWare in Japan]]. The OpenCourseWare Consortium, founded in 2005 to extend the reach and impact of open course materials and foster new open course materials, counted more than 200 member institutions from around the world in 2009.<ref>{{Cite news| last = Attwood| first = Rebecca| title = Get it out in the open| work = Times Higher Education| location = London| access-date = 2010-12-18| date = 2009-09-24| url = http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?storycode=408300}}</ref> [[OER Africa]] is an initiative established by the [[SAIDE|South African Institute for Distance Education]] (Saide) to play a leading role in driving the development and use of OER across all education sectors on the African continent.<ref>{{cite web|title=Introducing OER Africa|url=http://www.oerafrica.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=ej5-VzBXrzA%3d&tabid=113|publisher=South African Institute for Distance Education|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130118082203/http://www.oerafrica.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=ej5-VzBXrzA%3D&tabid=113|archive-date=2013-01-18}}</ref> The [[OER4Schools]] project focusses on the use of Open Educational Resources in teacher education in sub-Saharan Africa. Wikiwijs (the [[Netherlands]]) was a program intended to promote the use of open educational resources (OER) in the Dutch education sector;<ref>{{cite journal |title=Wikiwijs: An unexpected journey and the lessons learned towards OER | Schuwer |issue=2 |pages=91–102 |journal=Open Praxis |date=23 April 2014 |volume=6 |doi=10.5944/openpraxis.6.2.116 |last1=Schuwer |first1=Robert |last2=Kreijns |first2=Karel |last3=Vermeulen |first3=Marjan |doi-access=free }}</ref> The Open Educational Resources Programme (phases one<ref>{{cite web |author=@Jisc |url=http://www.jisc.ac.uk/whatwedo/programmes/elearning/oer |title=Open education |publisher=Jisc |date=2013-03-14 |access-date=2017-02-23 |archive-date=26 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141026191621/http://www.jisc.ac.uk/whatwedo/programmes/elearning/oer |url-status=dead }}</ref> and two<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jisc.ac.uk/whatwedo/programmes/elearning/oer2.aspx |title=Open educational resources programme – phase 2 |publisher=Jisc |access-date=2017-02-23 |archive-date=26 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141026210902/http://www.jisc.ac.uk/whatwedo/programmes/elearning/oer2.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>) ([[United Kingdom]]) was funded by [[HEFCE]], the UK [[Higher Education Academy]] and [[Joint Information Systems Committee]] (JISC), which has supported pilot projects and activities around the open release of learning resources, for free use and repurposing worldwide. In 2003, the ownership of [[Wikipedia]] and [[Wiktionary]] projects was transferred to the [[Wikimedia Foundation]], a non-profit charitable organization whose goal is to collect and develop free educational content and to disseminate it effectively and globally. Wikipedia ranks in the top-ten most visited websites worldwide since 2007. [[OER Commons]] was spearheaded in 2007 by the [[Institute for the Study of Knowledge Management in Education]] (ISKME), a nonprofit education research institute dedicated to innovation in open education content and practices, as a way to aggregate, share, and promote open educational resources to educators, administrators, parents, and students. OER Commons also provides educators tools to align OER to the [[Common Core State Standards]]; to evaluate the quality of OER to OER Rubrics; and to contribute and share OERs with other teachers and learners worldwide. To further promote the sharing of these resources among educators, in 2008 ISKME launched the OER Commons Teacher Training Initiative, which focuses on advancing [[open educational practices]] and on building opportunities for systemic change in teaching and learning. One of the first OER resources for K-12 education is [[Curriki]]. A nonprofit organization, Curriki provides an Internet site for [[open-source curriculum]] (OSC) development, to provide universal access to free curricula and instructional materials for students up to the age of 18 (K-12). By applying the open source process to education, Curriki empowers educational professionals to become an active community in the creation of good curricula. Kim Jones serves as Curriki's Executive Director.<ref>{{cite web|date=2015-06-12|title=Curriki Appoints Kim Jones as New Executive Director to Oversee Next Phase of Growth|url=https://library.curriki.org/curriki-appoints-kim-jones-as-new-executive-director-to-oversee-next-phase-of-growth|access-date=2020-08-25|website=Curriki Library|language=en-US}}</ref> In August 2006 [[WikiEducator]] was launched to provide a venue for planning education projects built on OER, creating and promoting open education resources (OERs), and networking towards funding proposals.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.col.org/progServ/report/clippings/Pages/2006wikiEd.aspx| title = What is WikiEducator? (October 2006)| access-date = 2010-12-21| publisher = COL| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101222104956/http://www.col.org/progServ/report/clippings/Pages/2006wikiEd.aspx| archive-date = 2010-12-22}}</ref> Its Wikieducator's Learning4Content project builds skills in the use of [[MediaWiki]] and related free software technologies for [[mass collaboration]] in the authoring of free content and claims to be the world's largest wiki training project for education. By 30 June 2009 the project facilitated 86 workshops training 3,001 educators from 113 countries.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wikieducator.org/Learning4Content| title = The Purpose of Learning for Content – outcomes and results| access-date = 2010-12-28| date = 2010-02-10| publisher = Wikieducator}}</ref> Between 2006 and 2007, as a Transversal Action under the European eLearning Programme, the Open e-Learning Content Observatory Services (OLCOS) project carries out a set of activities that aim at fostering the creation, sharing and re-use of Open Educational Resources (OER) in Europe and beyond. The main result of OLCOS was a Roadmap,<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.olcos.org/cms/upload/docs/olcos_roadmap.pdf| title = OLCOS Roadmap 2012| access-date = 2016-05-30| date = 2007-01-01}}</ref> in order to provide decision makers with an overview of current and likely future developments in OER and recommendations on how various challenges in OER could be addressed.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Geser|first=Guntram|date=2007-04-21|title=Open Educational Practices and Resources: The OLCOS Roadmap 2012|journal=RUSC. Universities and Knowledge Society Journal|volume=4|issue=1|doi=10.7238/rusc.v4i1.295|issn=1698-580X|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Peer production]] has also been utilized in producing collaborative open education resources (OERs). [[Writing Commons]], an international open textbook spearheaded by Joe Moxley at the [[University of South Florida]], has evolved from a print textbook into a crowd-sourced resource for college writers around the world.<ref>"About."{{cite web|title=Writing Commons|url=http://writingcommons.org/about|publisher=CC BY-NC-ND 3.0|access-date=11 February 2013}}</ref> [[Massive open online course]] (MOOC) platforms have also generated interest in building online [[eBooks]]. The Cultivating Change Community (CCMOOC) at the [[University of Minnesota]] is one such project founded entirely on a grassroots model to generate content.<ref>{{cite conference |last=Anders |first=Abram |title=Experimenting with MOOCs: Network-based Communities of Practice. |book-title=Great Plains Alliance for Computers and Writing Conference |date=November 9, 2012 |location=Mankato, MN |url=https://cultivatingchange.wp.d.umn.edu/community/ccmooc-experimenting-with-moocs-at-gpacw/ |access-date=February 11, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107091212/https://cultivatingchange.wp.d.umn.edu/community/ccmooc-experimenting-with-moocs-at-gpacw/ |archive-date=November 7, 2013 }}</ref> In 10 weeks, 150 authors contributed more than 50 chapters to the CCMOOC eBook and companion site.<ref>"About."{{cite web|title=Cultivating Change Community|url=https://cultivatingchange.wp.d.umn.edu/community/about/|publisher=CC BY-NC 3.0|access-date=11 February 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130630121618/https://cultivatingchange.wp.d.umn.edu/community/about/|archive-date=30 June 2013}}</ref> In 2011–12, academicians from the [[University of Mumbai]], India, created an OER Portal with free resources on Micro Economics, Macro Economics, and Soft Skills{{snd}} available for global learners.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wikieducator.org/ |title=WikiEducator |publisher=WikiEducator |date=2016-11-16 |access-date=2017-02-23}}</ref> Another project is the Free Education Initiative from the [[Saylor Foundation]], which is currently more than 80% of the way towards its initial goal of providing 241 college-level courses across 13 subject areas.<ref name=Moodle241>{{cite web|last=Thibault|first=Joseph|title=241 OER Courses with Assessments in Moodle: How Saylor.org has created one of the largest Free and Open Course Initiatives on the web|url=http://www.lmspulse.com/2012/250-oer-courses-and-assessments-in-moodle-how-saylor-org-has-created-one-of-the-largest-open-course-initiatives-on-the-web/|publisher=lmspulse.com|access-date=30 January 2012}}</ref> The Saylor Foundation makes use of university and college faculty members and subject experts to assist in this process, as well as to provide peer review of each course to ensure its quality. The foundation also supports the creation of new openly licensed materials where they are not already available as well as through its Open Textbook Challenge.<ref name="Saylor Foundation to Launch Multi-Million Dollar Open Textbook Challenge">{{cite web |url=http://collegeopentextbooks.org/blog/2011/08/09/saylor-foundation-to-launch-multi-million-dollar-open-textbook-challenge/ |title=Saylor Foundation to Launch Multi-Million Dollar Open Textbook Challenge! | College Open Textbooks Blog |publisher=Collegeopentextbooks.org |date=2011-08-09 |access-date=2011-10-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104235827/http://collegeopentextbooks.org/blog/2011/08/09/saylor-foundation-to-launch-multi-million-dollar-open-textbook-challenge/ |archive-date=2011-11-04 }}</ref> In 2010 the University of Birmingham and the London School of Economics worked together on the HEA and JISC funded DELILA project, the main aim of the project was to release a small sample of open educational resources to support embedding digital and information literacy education into institutional teacher training courses accredited by the HEA including PGCerts and other CPD courses.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://delilaopen.wordpress.com/project-aims-and-objectives/ |title=Aims and Objectives | DELILA Project Blog |website=Delilaopen.wordpress.com |date=6 October 2010 |access-date=2017-02-23}}</ref> One of the main barriers that the project found to sharing resources in information literacy was copyright that belonged to commercial database providers<ref>{{cite journal|author=Anderson, L.|date=2011|title=DELILA – Embedding Digital and Information Literacy OERs into the PG Cert. |journal=Journal of Information Literacy|volume=5 |issue=1|pages=95–98|url=http://ojs.lboro.ac.uk/ojs/index.php/JIL/article/view/PRJ-V5-I1-2011-1|doi=10.11645/5.1.1611|doi-access=free}}</ref> In 2006, the African Virtual University (AVU) released 73 modules of its Teacher Education Programs as open education resources to make the courses freely available for all. In 2010, the AVU developed the OER Repository which has contributed to increase the number of Africans that use, contextualize, share and disseminate the existing as well as future academic content. The online portal serves as a platform where the 219 modules of Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Biology, ICT in education, and teacher education professional courses are published. The modules are available in three different languages{{snd}} English, French, and Portuguese{{snd}} making the AVU the leading African institution in providing and using open education resources<ref>{{cite web|url=http://oer.avu.org|title=OER@AVU – Open Educational Resources by the African Virtual University|access-date=27 September 2015}}</ref> In August 2013, [[Tidewater Community College]] become the first college in the U.S. to create an Associate of Science degree based entirely on openly licensed content{{snd}} the "Z-Degree". The combined efforts of a 13-member faculty team, college staff and administration culminated when students enrolled in the first "z-courses" which are based solely on OER. The goals of this initiative were twofold: 1) to improve student success, and 2) to increase instructor effectiveness. Courses were stripped down to the Learning Outcomes and rebuilt using openly licensed content, reviewed and selected by the faculty developer based on its ability to facilitate student achievement of the objectives. The 21 z-courses that make up an associate of science degree in business administration were launched simultaneously across four campus locations. [[Tidewater Community College|TCC]] is the 11th largest public two-year college in the nation, enrolling nearly 47,000 students annually.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.timesdispatch.com/news/state-regional/community-college-to-offer-textbook-free-degree/article_d45bcffc-bea5-5049-acd3-b025170041f2.html|title=Community college to offer textbook-free degree|work=Richmond Times-Dispatch|date=18 March 2013 |access-date=27 September 2015}}</ref> During this same period from 2013 to 2014, Northern Virginia Community College (NOVA) also created two zero-cost OER degree pathways: one an associate degree in General Studies, the other an associate degree in Social Science. One of the largest community colleges in the nation, NOVA serves around 75,000 students across six campuses. NOVA Online (formerly known as the Extended Learning Institute or ELI) is the centralized online learning hub for NOVA, and it was through ELI that NOVA launched their OER-Based General Education Project. Dr. Wm. Preston Davis, Director of Instructional Services at NOVA Online, led the ELI team of faculty, instructional designers and librarians on the project to create what NOVA calls "digital open" courses. During the planning phase, the team was careful to select core, high-enrollment courses that could impact as many students as possible, regardless of specific course of study. At the same time, the team looked beyond individual courses to create depth and quality around full pathways for students to earn an entire degree. From Fall 2013 to Fall 2016, more than 15,000 students had enrolled in NOVA OER courses yielding textbook cost savings of over 2 million dollars over the three-year period.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://libguides.nvcc.edu/ld.php?content_id=29047618|title=Open Educational Resources at Northern Virginia Community College|date=2016|access-date=April 13, 2018}}{{Dead link|date=March 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Currently, NOVA is working to add a third OER degree pathway in Liberal Arts. Nordic OER is a Nordic network to promote open education and collaboration amongst stakeholders in all educational sectors. The network has members from all Nordic countries and facilitates discourse and dialogue on open education but also participates in projects and development programs. The network is supported by the Nordic OER project co-funded by Nordplus. In Norway the [[Norwegian digital learning arena|Norwegian Digital Learning Arena]] (NDLA) is a joint county enterprise offering open digital learning resources for upper secondary education. In addition to being a compilation of open educational resources, NDLA provides a range of other online tools for sharing and cooperation. At project startup in 2006, increased volume and diversity were seen as significant conditions for the introduction of free learning material in upper secondary education.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.regjeringen.no/nb/dep/kd/dok/andre/brev/utvalgte_brev/2006/digitale-laremidler-i-videregaende-oppla.html?id=91754|title=Digitale læremidler i videregående opplæring – Oppfølging av Revidert Nasjonalbudsjett for 2006|work=Regjeringen.no|date=19 June 2006|access-date=27 September 2015}}</ref> The incentive was an amendment imposing the counties to provide free educational material, in print as well as digital, including digital hardware.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lovdata.no/dokument/NL/lov/1998-07-17-61#KAPITTEL_3|title=Lov om grunnskolen og den vidaregåande opplæringa (opplæringslova) – Lovdata|access-date=27 September 2015}}</ref> In Sweden there is a growing interest in open publication and the sharing of educational resources but the pace of development is still slow. There are many questions to be dealt with in this area; for universities, academic management and teaching staff. Teachers in all educational sectors require support and guidance to be able to use OER pedagogically and with quality in focus. To realize the full potential of OER for students' learning it is not enough to make patchwork use of OER{{snd}} resources have to be put into context. Valuable teacher time should be used for contextual work and not simply for the creation of content. The aim of the project OER for learning OERSweden is to stimulate an open discussion about collaboration in infrastructural questions regarding open online knowledge sharing. A network of ten universities led by Karlstad University will arrange a series of open webinars during the project period focusing on the use and production of open educational resources. A virtual platform for Swedish OER initiatives and resources will also be developed. The project intends to focus in particular on how OER affects teacher trainers and decision makers. The objectives of the project are: To increase the level of national collaboration between universities and educational organisations in the use and production of OER, To find effective online methods to support teachers and students, in terms of quality, technology and retrievability of OER, To raise awareness for the potential of webinars as a tool for open online learning, To increase the level of collaboration between universities' support functions and foster national resource sharing, with a base in modern library and educational technology units, and To contribute to the creation of a national university structure for tagging, distribution and storage of OER. Founded in 2007, the [[CK-12 Foundation]] is a California-based [[non-profit]] organization whose stated mission is to reduce the cost of, and increase access to, K-12 education in the United States and worldwide.<ref name="svbj">{{cite news|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/sanjose/print-edition/2014/03/28/the-reinvention-of-neeru-khosla.html?ana=sm_sjo_ucp27&b=1395941537^14150321 |title=The reinvention of Neeru Khosla |newspaper=Silicon Valley Business Journal |date=2014-03-28 |access-date=2014-04-22}}</ref> CK-12 provides free and fully customizable [[K-12]] open educational resources aligned to state curriculum standards and tailored to meet student and teacher needs. The foundation's tools are used by 38,000 schools in the US, and additional international schools.<ref name="svbj" /> LATIn Project<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Ochôa|first1=X.|last2=Silveira|first2=I. F.|last3=Sprock|first3=A. Silva|title=International Conference on Information Society (I-Society 2011) |chapter=Collaborative open textbooks for Latin America - the LATIn project |date=2011|pages=398–403|doi=10.1109/i-Society18435.2011.5978479|isbn=978-1-61284-148-9|s2cid=5244088}}</ref> brings a Collaborative Open Textbook Initiative for Higher Education tailored specifically for Latin America. This initiative encourages and supports local professors and authors to contribute with individual sections or chapters that could be assembled into customized books by the whole community. The created books are freely available to the students in an electronic format or could be legally printed at low cost because there is no license or fees to be paid for their distribution, since they are all released as OER with a Creative Commons [[CC BY-SA]] license. This solution also contributes to the creation of customized textbooks where each professor could select the sections appropriate for their courses or could freely adapt existing sections to their needs. Also, the local professors will be the sink and source of the knowledge, contextualized to the Latin American Higher Education system. In 2014, the [[William and Flora Hewlett Foundation]] started funding the establishment of an OER World Map that documents OER initiatives around the world. Since 2015, the hbz and graphthinking GmbH develop the service with funding by the Hewlett Foundation. The first version of the website was launched in March 2015<ref>{{cite web|url=https://oerworldmap.wordpress.com/2015/03/23/platform-progress-report/|title=Platform progress report|last=Ostrowski|first=Felix|date=2015-03-23|website=OER World Map Blog|access-date=2016-07-06}}</ref> and the website had been continuously developing. The OER World Map invited people to enter a personal profile as well to add their organization, OER project or service to the database. The service was shut down in April 2022.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://oerworldmap.wordpress.com/2022/03/22/goodbye-world/|title=Goodbye, world!|last=Pohl|first=Adrian|date=2022-03-22|website=OER World Map Blog|access-date=2023-02-20}}</ref> In March 2015, Eliademy.com launched the crowdsourcing of OER courses under CC licence. The platform expects to collect 5000 courses during the first year that can be reused by teachers worldwide.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eliademy.com/blog/2015/03/16/oer/|title=Open Educational Resources and Creative Commons|work=Eliademy Blog|access-date=27 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925234926/https://eliademy.com/blog/2015/03/16/oer/|archive-date=25 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2015, the University of Idaho Doceo Center launched open course content for K-12 schools, with the purpose of improving awareness of OER among K-12 educators.<ref>{{cite web|last=Kimmons|first=R|title=Introduction to open education in K-12|url=http://courses.doceocenter.org/intro_to_open_education_in_k-12|work=Open Courses|publisher=University of Idaho Doceo Center|access-date=11 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150613053235/http://courses.doceocenter.org/intro_to_open_education_in_k-12|archive-date=2015-06-13|url-status=dead}}</ref> This was shortly followed by an Open Textbook Crash Course,<ref>{{cite web|last=Kimmons|first=R|title=Open Textbook Crash Course|url=http://courses.doceocenter.org/open_textbook_crash_course|work=Open Courses|publisher=University of Idaho Doceo Center|access-date=11 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150613043222/http://courses.doceocenter.org/open_textbook_crash_course|archive-date=2015-06-13|url-status=dead}}</ref> which provides K-12 educators with basic knowledge about copyright, open licensing, and attribution. Results of these projects have been used to inform research into how to support K-12 educator OER adoption literacies and the diffusion of open practices.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Kimmons|first=R|title=Developing open education literacies with practicing K-12 teachers|url=http://www.irrodl.org/index.php/irrodl/article/view/1964/3133|journal=The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning|year=2014|volume=15|issue=6|doi=10.19173/irrodl.v15i6.1964|access-date=11 June 2015|doi-access=free}}</ref> In 2015, the MGH Institute of Health Professions, with help from an [[Institute of Museum and Library Services]] Grant (#SP-02-14-0), launched the Open Access Course Reserves (OACR). With the idea that many college level courses rely on more than a single textbook to deliver information to students, the OACR is inspired by library courses reserves in that it supplies entire reading lists for typical courses. Faculty can find, create, and share reading lists of open access materials. Today, OER initiatives across the United States rely on individual college and university librarians to curate resources into lists on library content management systems called [[Libguide|LibGuides]]. In response to COVID-19, the Principal Institute has partnered with Fieth Consulting, LLC, California State University's SkillsCommons and [[MERLOT]] to create a free online resource hub designed to help Administrators, Teachers, Students, and Families more effectively support teaching and learning online.<ref>{{cite web|title=Leading Teaching Learning OnlineToolkit|url=https://www.merlot.org/merlot/viewSite.htm?id=9161087|access-date=2021-06-02|website=www.merlot.org}}</ref> Several universities of higher education, initiated OER : notable OER sites are Open Michigan, BCcampus Open Textbook collection, RMIT, Open access at Oxford University Press,<ref>{{cite web|title=Open Access|url=https://academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access|access-date=2021-06-02|website=Oxford Academic|language=en}}</ref> Maryland Open Source Textbook (M.O.S.T.),<ref>{{cite web|title=Maryland Open Source Textbook (M.O.S.T.) Commons|url=https://most.oercommons.org/|access-date=2021-06-02|website=M.O.S.T. Commons|language=en}}</ref> [[OpenEd]]@UCL, OER initiative by the University of Edinburgh, etc. There were several initiatives taken by faculties of higher education, such as Affordability Counts by faculties across Florida state universities and colleges and Affordable Learning Georgia which is across public Georgian institutions. The North Dakota University System was appropriated funding from the North Dakota state legislature to train instructors to adopt OER<ref>{{cite web|title=North Dakota Bill Actions: HB 1003|url=https://www.legis.nd.gov/assembly/64-2015/bill-actions/ba1003.html|access-date=2021-06-11|website=www.legis.nd.gov}}</ref> and has a repository of OER.<ref>{{cite web|title=North Dakota University System {{!}} Open Educational Resources|url=https://ndus.edu/oer/|access-date=2021-06-11|language=en-US}}</ref> There were several initiatives taken by faculties of higher education, such as Affordability Counts by faculties across Florida state universities and colleges<ref>{{cite web|title=Home|url=https://affordabilitycounts.org/|access-date=2021-06-02|website=Affordability Counts|language=en-US}}</ref> and also by individual faculties offering free textbooks affordable by initiating Green tea press. Oregon Open Educational Resources offers a wide variety of open textbooks and resources that community college and university instructors are using to reduce textbook costs in their courses.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Resources |website=openoregon.org |url=https://openoregon.org/resources/ |access-date=2023-02-01 |language=en-US}}</ref> ===International programs=== High hopes have been voiced for OERs to alleviate the [[digital divide]] between the global North and the [[North–South divide in the World|global South]], and to make a contribution to the development of less advanced economies.<ref>{{Cite thesis |degree=Masters |publisher=University of Amsterdam |last=Mulder |first=Jorrit |title=Knowledge Dissemination in Sub-Saharan Africa: What Role for Open Educational Resources (OER)? |year=2008 |page=14 |url=http://www.gg.rhul.ac.uk/ict4d/workingpapers/mulderOER.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924022024/http://www.gg.rhul.ac.uk/ict4d/workingpapers/mulderOER.pdf |archive-date=2015-09-24 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Europe{{snd}} Learning Resource Exchange for schools (LRE) is a service launched by [[European Schoolnet]] in 2004 enabling educators to find multilingual open educational resources from many different countries and providers. Currently, more than 200,000 learning resources are searchable in one portal based on language, subject, resource type and age range. * India{{snd}} National Council Of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) digitized all its textbooks from 1st standard to 12th standard. The textbooks are available online for free. [[Central Institute of Educational Technology]] (CIET), a constituent Unit of NCERT, digitized more than thousand audio and video programmes. All the educational AV material developed by CIET is presently available at Sakshat Portal an initiative of Ministry of Human Resources and Development. In addition, National Repository for Open Educational Resources (NROER) houses a variety of e-content. * US{{snd}} Washington State's [[Open Course Library]] Project is a collection of expertly developed educational materials{{snd}} including textbooks, syllabi, course activities, readings, and assessments{{snd}} for 81 high-enrolling college courses. All course have now been released and are providing faculty with a high-quality option that will cost students no more than $30 per course. However, a study found that very few classes were actually using these materials.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nacs.org/Portals/NACS/Uploaded_Documents/PDF/Research/OCLresults2014.pdf |title=Open Course Library Survey Results |access-date=2015-10-22 |archive-date=2017-02-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223113944/http://www.nacs.org/Portals/NACS/Uploaded_Documents/PDF/Research/OCLresults2014.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Japan]]{{snd}} Since its launch in 2005, Japan OpenCourseWare Consortium (JOCW) has been actively promoting OER movement in Japan with more than 20 institutional members.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://jocw.jp/jp/ |website=jocw.jp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150520015908/http://jocw.jp/jp |archive-date=2015-05-20 |title=JOCW {{!}} 日本オープンコースウェアコンソーシアム}}</ref> * [[Dominica]]{{snd}} The Free Curricula Centre at [[New World University]] expands the utility of existing OER textbooks by creating and curating supplemental videos to accompany them, and by converting them to the [[EPUB]] format for better display on smartphones and tablets.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://newworld.ac/freecurricula/|title=Free Curricula Centre|publisher=New World University|access-date=9 September 2016}}</ref> * [[Bangladesh]] is the first country to digitize a complete set of textbooks for grades 1–12.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.priyo.com/tech/2011/02/28/pm-opens-e-content-repository-20905.html|title=প্রিয়.কম|website=Priyo.com|access-date=2017-02-23|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215020331/https://www.priyo.com/tech/2011/02/28/pm-opens-e-content-repository-20905.html|archive-date=2017-02-15}}</ref> Distribution is free to all. * [[Uruguay]] sought up to 1,000 digital learning resources in a Request For Proposals (RFP) in June 2011.<ref>[http://ceibal.org.uy/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=486:licitacion-publica-internacional-no-01522011-seleccion-de-proveedor-para-la-adquisicion-de-plataforma-educativa-on-line-yo-recursos-educativos-digitales-para-educacion-primaria-y-media-uruguaya&catid=51:convocatorias-vigentes&Itemid=82] {{dead link|date=February 2017}}</ref> * In 2011, South Korea announced a plan to digitize all of its textbooks and to provide all students with computers and digitized textbooks by 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2011/07/117_89881.html |title=Textbooks to go digital by 2015 |website=Koreatimes.co.kr |date=2011-06-29 |access-date=2017-02-23}}</ref> * The [[California Learning Resources Network]] Free Digital Textbook Initiative at high school level,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.clrn.org/FDTI/ |title=Free Digital Textbook Initiative |website=www.clrn.org |access-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090616131452/http://www.clrn.org/FDTI/ |archive-date=16 June 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> initiated by former Gov. [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]]. * The Michigan Department of Education provided $600,000 to create the Michigan Open Book Project in 2014. The initial selection of OER textbooks in history, economics, geography and social studies was issued in August 2015. There has been significant negative reaction<ref>[http://the-digital-reader.com/2015/10/16/michigans-open-textbook-project-flunks-out-with-critics/ significant negative reaction]</ref> to the materials' inaccuracies, design flaws and confusing distribution. * The [[Shuttleworth Foundation]]'s [[Free High School Science Texts]] for South Africa<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.shuttleworthfoundation.org/projects/free-high-school-science-texts/ |title=The Shuttleworth Foundation Home |website=Shuttleworthfoundation.org |access-date=2017-02-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120910021132/http://www.shuttleworthfoundation.org/projects/free-high-school-science-texts/ |archive-date=2012-09-10 }}</ref> * Saudi Arabia had a comprehensive project in 2008 to digitize and improve the Math and Science text books in all K-12 grades.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.msd-ord.com/index.htm |title=مشروع تطوير مناهج الرياضيات والعلوم الطبيعية |website=www.msd-ord.com |access-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080715104437/http://www.msd-ord.com/index.htm |archive-date=15 July 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> * Saudi Arabia started a project in 2011 to digitize all text books other than Math and Science.{{Citation needed|date=August 2012}} * The [[Arab League Educational, Cultural and Scientific Organization]] (ALECSO) and the [[United States Department of State|U.S. State Department]] launched an Open Book Project in 2013, supporting "the creation of Arabic-language open educational resources (OERs)".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/article/2013/01/20130128141555.html#axzz2vr6NP51W|title=Arab League, U.S. Launch Open Book Project {{!}} IIP Digital|website=iipdigital.usembassy.gov|language=en|access-date=2017-02-03}}</ref> With the advent of growing international awareness and implementation of open educational resources, a global OER logo was adopted for use in multiple languages by UNESCO. The design of the Global OER logo creates a common global visual idea, representing "subtle and explicit representations of the subjects and goals of OER". Its full explanation and recommendation of use is available from UNESCO.<ref>{{cite web|last=Mello|first=Jonathas|title=Global OER Logo|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/CI/CI/pdf/Events/global_oer_logo_manual_en.pdf|work=UNESCO|publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|access-date=16 April 2013}}</ref>
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