Editing Paradigm shift (section)

== Other uses ==
The term "paradigm shift" has found uses in other contexts, representing the notion of a major change in a certain thought pattern—a radical change in personal beliefs, complex systems or organizations, replacing the former way of thinking or organizing with a radically different way of thinking or organizing:
* M. L. Handa, a professor of sociology in education at O.I.S.E. [[University of Toronto]], Canada, developed the concept of a paradigm within the context of social sciences. He defines what he means by "paradigm" and introduces the idea of a "social paradigm". In addition, he identifies the basic component of any social paradigm. Like Kuhn, he addresses the issue of changing paradigms, the process popularly known as "paradigm shift". In this respect, he focuses on the social circumstances that precipitate such a shift. Relatedly, he addresses how that shift affects social institutions, including the institution of education.<ref>Handa, M. L. (1986) "Peace Paradigm: Transcending Liberal and Marxian Paradigms". Paper presented in "International Symposium on Science, Technology and Development, New Delhi, India, March 20–25, 1987, Mimeographed at O.I.S.E., University of Toronto, Canada (1986)</ref>
* The concept has been developed for technology and economics in the identification of new techno-economic paradigms as changes in technological systems that have a major influence on the behaviour of the entire economy ([[Carlota Perez]]; earlier work only on technological paradigms by [[Giovanni Dosi]]). This concept is linked to [[Joseph Schumpeter]]'s idea of [[creative destruction]]. Examples include the move to mass production and the introduction of microelectronics.<ref>Perez, Carlota (2009). "Technological revolutions and techno-economic paradigms", ''Cambridge Journal of Economics'', Vol. 34, No.1, pp. 185–202</ref>
* Two photographs of the Earth from space, "[[Earthrise]]" (1968) and "[[The Blue Marble]]" (1972), are thought {{by whom|date=December 2020}} to have helped to usher in the [[environmentalist]] movement, which gained great prominence in the years immediately following distribution of those images.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.lclark.edu/org/envtl/objects/39-2_Schroeder.pdfSchroeder,| title = Christopher H. (2009). "Global Warming and the Problem of Policy Innovation: Lessons from the Early Environmental Movement".}}</ref><ref>See also [[Stewart Brand#NASA images of Earth]]</ref>
* [[Hans Küng]] applies Thomas Kuhn's theory of paradigm change to the entire history of Christian thought and theology. He identifies six historical "macromodels": 1) the apocalyptic paradigm of primitive Christianity, 2) the Hellenistic paradigm of the patristic period, 3) the medieval Roman Catholic paradigm, 4) the Protestant (Reformation) paradigm, 5) the modern Enlightenment paradigm, and 6) the emerging ecumenical paradigm. He also discusses five analogies between natural science and theology in relation to paradigm shifts. Küng addresses paradigm change in his books, ''Paradigm Change in Theology''<ref>Kung, Hans & Tracy, David (ed). ''Paradigm Change in Theology''. New York: Crossroad, 1989.</ref> and ''Theology for the Third Millennium: An Ecumenical View''.<ref>Küng, Hans. ''Theology for the Third Millennium: An Ecumenical View''. New York: Anchor Books, 1990.</ref>
*In the later part of the 1990s, 'paradigm shift' emerged as a [[buzzword]], popularized as [[marketing speak]] and appearing more frequently in print and publication.<ref>Robert Fulford, Globe and Mail (June 5, 1999). http://www.robertfulford.com/Paradigm.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110128044847/http://www.robertfulford.com/Paradigm.html |date=2011-01-28 }} Retrieved on 2008-04-25.</ref> In his book ''Mind The Gaffe'', author [[Larry Trask]] advises readers to refrain from using it, and to use caution when reading anything that contains the phrase. It is referred to in several articles and books<ref name="cnet">{{cite web| url = http://www.cnet.com/1990-11136_1-6275610-1.html| title = Cnet.com's Top 10 Buzzwords |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091004040354/http://www.cnet.com/1990-11136_1-6275610-1.html |archive-date=2009-10-04}}</ref><ref name="Complete Idiot's Guide to A Smart Vocabulary">[http://www.mcfedries.com/vocabulary/intro.asp "The Complete Idiot's Guide to a Smart Vocabulary" pp. 142–43, author: Paul McFedries publisher: Alpha; 1st edition (May 7, 2001)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071215012026/http://www.mcfedries.com/vocabulary/intro.asp|date=December 15, 2007}} {{ISBN|978-0-02-863997-0}}</ref> as abused and overused to the point of becoming meaningless.
* The concept of [[technological paradigm]]s has been advanced, particularly by [[Giovanni Dosi]].
{{Further|Violation paradigm}}