Editing Persian language (section)

===== Use in Asia Minor =====
[[File:Ottoman miniature painters.jpg|thumb|left|Persian on an [[Ottoman miniature]]]]
A branch of the Seljuks, the [[Sultanate of Rum]], took Persian language, art, and letters to Anatolia.<ref name="Sigfried J 1994. p 734">{{cite book |last=de Laet |first=Sigfried J. |title=History of Humanity: From the seventh to the sixteenth century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PvlthkbFU1UC&pg=PA734 |year=1994 |publisher=UNESCO |isbn=978-92-3-102813-7 |access-date=18 April 2016 |archive-date=27 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727115400/https://books.google.com/books?id=PvlthkbFU1UC&pg=PA734 |url-status=live}}, p 734</ref> They adopted the Persian language as the [[official language]] of the empire.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ágoston |first1=Gábor |last2=Masters |first2=Bruce Alan |title=Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QjzYdCxumFcC&pg=PA322 |year=2010 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=978-1-4381-1025-7 |access-date=18 April 2016 |archive-date=1 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801124343/https://books.google.com/books?id=QjzYdCxumFcC&pg=PA322 |url-status=live|page=322}}</ref> The [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]], who can roughly be seen as their eventual successors, inherited this tradition. Persian was the official court language of the empire, and for some time, the official language of the empire.<ref>{{cite book |last=Wastl-Walter |first=Doris |title=The Ashgate Research Companion to Border Studies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6gsm72h9u_IC&pg=PA409 |year=2011 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. |isbn=978-0-7546-7406-1 |page=409 |access-date=21 October 2019 |archive-date=1 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801123640/https://books.google.com/books?id=6gsm72h9u_IC&pg=PA409 |url-status=live}}</ref> The educated and noble class of the Ottoman Empire all spoke Persian, such as Sultan [[Selim I]], despite being Safavid Iran's archrival and a staunch opposer of [[Shia Islam]].{{sfn|Spuler|2003|p=68}} It was a major literary language in the empire.<ref>{{cite book |last=Lewis |first=Franklin D. |title=Rumi – Past and Present, East and West: The Life, Teachings, and Poetry of Jalâl al-Din Rumi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PFsQBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT340 |year=2014 |publisher=Oneworld Publications |isbn=978-1-78074-737-8 |page=340 |access-date=21 October 2019 |archive-date=26 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226000058/https://books.google.com/books?id=PFsQBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT340 |url-status=live}}</ref> Some of the noted earlier Persian works during the Ottoman rule are [[Idris Bitlisi|Idris Bidlisi]]'s ''Hasht Bihisht'', which began in 1502 and covered the reign of the first eight Ottoman rulers, and the ''Salim-Namah'', a glorification of Selim I.{{sfn|Spuler|2003|p=68}} After a period of several centuries, [[Ottoman Turkish language|Ottoman Turkish]] (which was highly Persianised itself) had developed toward a fully accepted language of literature, and which was even able to lexically satisfy the demands of a scientific presentation.{{sfn|Spuler|2003|p=69}} However, the number of Persian and Arabic loanwords contained in those works increased at times up to 88%.{{sfn|Spuler|2003|p=69}} In the Ottoman Empire, Persian was used at the royal court, for diplomacy, poetry, historiographical works, literary works, and was taught in state schools, and was also offered as an elective course or recommended for study in some ''[[madrasa]]s''.<ref>
* Chapter "Imperial Ambitions, Mystical Aspirations: Persian Learning in the Ottoman World" by Inan, Murat Umut. In Green, Nile (ed.), 2019, The Persianate World: The Frontiers of a Eurasian Lingua Franca. University of California Press. pp. 88–89. "As the Ottoman Turks learned Persian, the language and the culture it carried seeped not only into their court and imperial institutions but also into their vernacular language and culture. The appropriation of Persian, both as a second language and as a language to be steeped together with Turkish, was encouraged notably by the sultans, the ruling class, and leading members of the mystical communities."
* Chapter "Ottoman Historical Writing" by Tezcan, Baki. In Rabasa, José (ed.), 2012, The Oxford History of Historical Writing: Volume 3: 1400–1800 The Oxford History of Historical Writing: Volume 3: 1400–1800. Oxford University Press. pp. 192–211. "Persian served as a 'minority' prestige language of culture at the largely Turcophone Ottoman court."
* ''Learning to Read in the Late Ottoman Empire and the Early Turkish Republic'', B. Fortna, page 50;"''Although in the late Ottoman period Persian was taught in the state schools....''"
* ''Persian Historiography and Geography'', Bertold Spuler, page 68, "''On the whole, the circumstance in Turkey took a similar course: in Anatolia, the Persian language had played a significant role as the carrier of civilization.[..]..where it was at time, to some extent, the language of diplomacy...However Persian maintained its position also during the early Ottoman period in the composition of histories and even Sultan Salim I, a bitter enemy of Iran and the Shi'ites, wrote poetry in Persian. Besides some poetical adaptations, the most important historiographical works are: Idris Bidlisi's flowery "Hasht Bihist", or Seven Paradises, begun in 1502 by the request of Sultan Bayazid II and covering the first eight Ottoman rulers..''"
* ''Picturing History at the Ottoman Court'', Emine Fetvacı, page 31, "''Persian literature, and belles-lettres in particular, were part of the curriculum: a Persian dictionary, a manual on prose composition; and Sa'dis "Gulistan", one of the classics of Persian poetry, were borrowed. All these title would be appropriate in the religious and cultural education of the newly converted young men.''
* ''Persian Historiography: History of Persian Literature A, Volume 10'', edited by Ehsan Yarshater, Charles Melville, page 437;"...Persian held a privileged place in Ottoman letters. Persian historical literature was first patronized during the reign of Mehmed II and continued unabated until the end of the 16th century.
* Chapter ''Imperial Ambitions, Mystical Aspirations: Persian learning in the Ottoman World'', Murat Umut Inan, page 92 (note 27), edited by [[Nile Green]], (title: ''The Persianate World The Frontiers of a Eurasian Lingua Franca''); "Though Persian, unlike Arabic, was not included in the typical curriculum of an Ottoman madrasa, the language was offered as an elective course or recommended for study in some madrasas. For those Ottoman madrasa curricula featuring Persian, see Cevat İzgi, Osmanlı Medreselerinde İlim, 2 vols. (Istanbul: İz, 1997),1: 167–69."</ref>