Editing Pest control (section)

==In homes and cities==

Many unwelcome animals visit or make their home in residential buildings, industrial sites and urban areas. Some contaminate foodstuffs, damage structural timbers, chew through fabrics or infest stored dry goods. Some inflict great economic loss, others carry diseases or cause fire hazards, and some are just a nuisance. Control of these pests has been attempted by improving sanitation and garbage control, modifying the habitat, and using [[animal repellent|repellent]]s, growth regulators, traps, baits and pesticides.<ref name=O'connor>{{cite book |author=Pat O'Connor-Marer |title=Residential, Industrial, and Institutional Pest Control |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TsmqStw-iP0C&pg=PA2 |year=2006 |publisher=UCANR Publications |isbn=978-1-879906-70-9 |pages=2–17}}</ref>

===General methods===
====Physical pest control====
{{main|Physical pest control}}
[[File:Dog van Rekong Peo.jpg|thumb|Dog control van, [[Rekong Peo]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], India]]

[[Physical pest control]] involves trapping or killing pests such as insects and rodents. Historically, local people or paid [[rat-catcher]]s caught and killed rodents using dogs and traps.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.esdaw-eu.eu/the-stray-dogs-in-europe.html |title=ESDAW-EU |website=Animal Policy In The EU |publisher=European Union |access-date=30 August 2016}}</ref> On a domestic scale, sticky flypapers are used to trap flies. In larger buildings, insects may be trapped using such means as [[pheromone]]s, synthetic volatile chemicals or ultraviolet light to attract the insects; some have a sticky base or an electrically charged grid to kill them. Glueboards are sometimes used for monitoring cockroaches and to catch rodents. Rodents can be killed by suitably baited [[Mousetrap|spring traps]] and can be caught in cage traps for relocation. Talcum powder or "tracking powder" can be used to establish routes used by rodents inside buildings and acoustic devices can be used for detecting beetles in structural timbers.<ref name=O'connor/>

Historically, firearms have been one of the primary methods used for pest control. "[[Garden guns|Garden Guns]]" are smooth bore shotguns specifically made to fire [[.22 caliber]] [[snake shot]] or 9mm Flobert, and are commonly used by gardeners and farmers for snakes, rodents, birds, and other pest. Garden Guns are short-range weapons that can do little harm past 15 to 20 yards, and they're relatively quiet when fired with snake shot, compared to standard ammunition. These guns are especially effective inside of barns and sheds, as the snake shot will not shoot holes in the roof or walls, or more importantly, injure [[livestock]] with a [[ricochet]]. They are also used for pest control at [[airport]]s, [[warehouse]]s, [[Meat packing industry|stockyards]], etc.<ref name="Eger">{{cite web|last1=Eger|first1=Christopher|title=Marlin 25MG Garden Gun|url=http://www.marlinforum.com/Marlin-25MG-Garden-Gun.html|website=Marlin Firearms Forum|publisher=Outdoor Hub LLC|access-date=17 September 2016|date=28 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918005923/http://www.marlinforum.com/Marlin-25MG-Garden-Gun.html|archive-date=18 September 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The most common shot cartridge is .22 Long Rifle loaded with #12 shot. At a distance of about {{cvt|10|feet}}, which is about the maximum effective range, the pattern is about {{cvt|8|inch|cm}} in diameter from a standard rifle. Special smoothbore shotguns, such as the [[Marlin Model 25MG]] can produce effective patterns out to 15 or 20 yards using .22 WMR shotshells, which hold 1/8 oz. of #12 shot contained in a plastic capsule.

====Poisoned bait====
[[File:Rodent Bait Station, Chennai, India.jpg|thumb|left|Rodent bait station, [[Chennai]], India]]

Poisoned [[Bait (luring substance)|bait]] is a common method for controlling rats, mice, birds, slugs, snails, ants, cockroaches, and other pests. The basic granules, or other formulation, contains a food attractant for the target species and a suitable poison. For ants, a slow-acting toxin is needed so that the workers have time to carry the substance back to the colony, and for flies, a quick-acting substance to prevent further egg-laying and nuisance.<ref name=O'conner40/> Baits for slugs and snails often contain the molluscide [[metaldehyde]], dangerous to children and household pets.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ipm.ucanr.edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/pn7427.html |title=Snails and slugs |author1=Flint, M.L. |author2=Wilen, C.A. |work=Pests in Gardens and Landscapes  |publisher=UC IPM |access-date=28 August 2017}}</ref>

An article in [[Scientific American]] in 1885 described effective elimination of a [[cockroach]] infestation using fresh [[cucumber]] peels.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J4U9AQAAIAAJ|title=Scientific American|date=1885-09-26|publisher=Munn & Company|pages=195|language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Rodent bait box with bait.jpg|thumb|right|Bait being placed in a rodent bait box.]]

[[Warfarin]] has traditionally been used to kill rodents, but many populations have developed resistance to this [[anticoagulant]], and [[difenacoum]] may be substituted. These are cumulative poisons, requiring bait stations to be topped up regularly.<ref name=O'conner40>{{cite book|author=Pat O'connor-marer |title=Residential, Industrial, and Institutional Pest Control|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TsmqStw-iP0C&pg=PA40 |year=2006 |publisher=UCANR Publications |isbn=978-1-879906-70-9}}</ref> Poisoned meat has been used for centuries to kill animals such as wolves<ref name=Anderson/> and birds of prey.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gamekeeper found guilty of poisoning 10 buzzards and a sparrowhawk |author=Barkham, Patrick |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/oct/02/gamekeeper-guilty-poisoning-birds-of-prey-norfolk |newspaper=The Guardian |date=2 October 2014 |access-date=29 August 2017}}</ref> Poisoned carcasses however kill a wide range of carrion feeders, not only the targeted species.<ref name=Anderson>{{cite web |url=https://www.thelocal.es/20150609/farmer-sentenced-2-years-for-poisoning-animals |title=Farmer poisoned 24 animals in bid to kill wolf |author=Anderson, Emma |date=9 June 2015 |work=The Local |access-date=29 August 2017}}</ref> Raptors in Israel were nearly wiped out following a period of intense poisoning of rats and other crop pests.<ref>{{cite book|author=Newton, Ian|title=Population Ecology of Raptors|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3f7UBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA262 |year=2010 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-4081-3854-0 |page=262}}</ref>

====Fumigation====
{{main|Fumigation}}
[[File:Tent fumigation.jpg|thumb|Tent [[fumigation]] of a house in the United States ]]

[[Fumigation]] is the treatment of a structure to kill pests such as wood-boring beetles by sealing it or surrounding it with an airtight cover such as a tent, and fogging with liquid insecticide for an extended period, typically of 24–72 hours. This is costly and inconvenient as the structure cannot be used during the treatment, but it targets all life stages of pests.<ref name=FBaur133>{{cite book |author=Fred Baur |title=Insect Management for Food Storage and Processing |publisher=[[American Association of Cereal Chemists]] |isbn=978-0-913250-38-9|date=1984-12-01 }}</ref>

An alternative, space treatment, is fogging or misting to disperse a liquid insecticide in the atmosphere within a building without evacuation or airtight sealing, allowing most work within the building to continue, at the cost of reduced penetration. Contact insecticides are generally used to minimize long-lasting residual effects.<ref name=FBaur133 />

====Sterilization====
{{See also|Sterile insect technique|Chemosterilant}}
Populations of pest insects can sometimes be dramatically reduced by the release of sterile individuals. This involves the mass rearing of a pest, sterilising it by means of X-rays or some other means, and releasing it into a wild population. It is particularly useful where a female only mates once and where the insect does not disperse widely.<ref>{{cite book|author=Thacker, J.R.M.|title=An Introduction to Arthropod Pest Control|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jN7lCC_BaG4C&pg=PA193 |year=2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-56787-9 |page=193}}</ref> This technique has been successfully used against the [[Cochliomyia hominivorax|New World screw-worm fly]], some species of [[tsetse fly]], tropical [[Drosophilidae|fruit flies]], the [[pink bollworm]] and the [[codling moth]], among others.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Dyck, V.A.|author2=Hendrichs, J.|author3=Robinson, A.S.|title=Sterile Insect Technique: Principles and Practice in Area-Wide Integrated Pest Management|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-vOLhFewchoC&pg=PA4 |year=2006 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4020-4051-1 |page=4}}</ref>

To chemically sterilize pests using chemosterilants, laboratory studies conducted using [[U-5897]] (3-chloro-1,2-propanediol) attempted in the early 1970s for rat control, although these proved unsuccessful.<ref name=sterile>{{cite journal |author1=Bowerman, Alan M. |author2=Brooks, Joe E. |year=1971 |title=Evaluation of U-5897 as a male chemosterilant for rat control |journal=[[Journal of Wildlife Management]] |volume=35 |issue=4 |pages=618–624 |jstor=3799765 |doi=10.2307/3799765}}</ref> In 2013, New York City tested sterilization traps,<ref name=Swartz2014>{{cite news|author1=Tracy Swartz|title=CTA to put rats on birth control|url=http://www.redeyechicago.com/news/cta/redeye-cta-to-put-rats-on-birth-control-20141222,0,451858.story|access-date=10 January 2015|agency=Chicago Tribune|date=22 December 2014}}</ref> demonstrating a 43% reduction in rat populations.<ref name=Swartz2014 /> The product [[ContraPest]] was approved for the sterilization of rodents by the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|U.S. Environmental Protection Agency]] in August 2016 as a chemosterilant.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pctonline.com/article/senestech-contrapest-rodent-product-epa-approval/ |publisher=Pest Control Technology, GIA Media |title=ContraPest Rodent Control Product Wins EPA Approval |date=12 August 2016  |access-date=11 November 2016}}</ref>

====Insulation====
[[Boron]], a known pesticide can be impregnated into the paper fibers of cellulose insulation at certain levels to achieve a mechanical kill factor for self-grooming insects such as ants, cockroaches, termites, and more. The addition of insulation into the attic and walls of a structure can provide control of common pests in addition to known insulation benefits such a robust thermal envelope and acoustic noise-canceling properties. The [[EPA]] regulates this type of general-use pesticide within the United States allowing it to only be sold and installed by licensed pest management professionals as part of an integrated pest management program.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pctonline.com/article/add-on-services-finding-money-in-the-attic/|publisher=Pest Control Technology, GIA Media |title=Finding Money in the Attic |date=25 May 2017  |access-date=7 June 2017}}</ref> Simply adding Boron or an EPA-registered pesticide to an insulation does not qualify it as a pesticide. The dosage and method must be carefully controlled and monitored.

===Methods for specific pests===
{{See also|Bedbug}}

====Rodent control====
=====Urban rodent control=====
Rodent control is vital in cities.<ref name="Buckle-Smith-2015">{{cite book | last1=Buckle | first1=A. P. | last2=Smith | first2=Robert H. | title=Rodent pests and their control | publication-place=[[Wallingford, Oxfordshire]], UK | date=2015 | isbn=978-1-78064-129-4 | oclc=909425458 | page=x+422}} {{isbn|9781845938178}}.</ref>{{rp|page=133}} [[New York City]] and cities across [[New York (state)|the state]] dramatically reduced their rodent populations in the early 1970s.<ref name="Buckle-Smith-2015" />{{rp|page=133}} [[Rio de Janeiro]] claims a reduction of 80% over only 2 years shortly thereafter.<ref name="Buckle-Smith-2015" />{{rp|page=133}} To better target efforts, [[London]] began scientifically surveying populations in 1972 and this was so useful that all Local Authorities in [[England and Wales]] soon followed.<ref name="Buckle-Smith-2015" />{{rp|page=133}}

=====Natural rodent control=====
[[File:Rat pest control underground.png|thumb|left|[[Brown rat]] infestation]]

Several [[wildlife rehabilitation]] organizations encourage natural form of rodent control through exclusion and predator support and preventing secondary poisoning altogether.<ref>{{cite web |title=Help WildCare Pursue Stricter Rodenticide Controls in California |url=http://www.wildcarebayarea.org/site/PageServer?pagename=TakeAction_Rodenticide |work=wildcarebayarea.org/ |publisher=Wild Care |access-date=28 February 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305130340/http://www.wildcarebayarea.org/site/PageServer?pagename=TakeAction_Rodenticide |archive-date=5 March 2014 }}</ref> The [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]] notes in its Proposed Risk Mitigation Decision for Nine Rodenticides that "without habitat modification to make areas less attractive to commensal rodents, even eradication will not prevent new populations from recolonizing the habitat."<ref>{{cite web|title=Safer Rodenticide Products|url=http://www.epa.gov/opp00001/reregistration/rodenticides/|work=epa.gov|publisher=USA Environment Protection Agency|access-date=23 February 2014|date=March 2013}}</ref> The United States Environmental Protection Agency has  prescribed guidelines for natural rodent control<ref>{{cite web|title=Pest Control and Pesticide Safety for Consumers|url=https://www.epa.gov/safepestcontrol|access-date=23 July 2017|date=2013-02-21}}</ref> and for safe trapping in residential areas with subsequent release to the wild.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Craft|first1=Stephanie|title=5 Reasons Why a DIY Approach to Pest Control Fails|url=https://medium.com/@stephaniecrft/5-reasons-why-a-diy-approach-to-pest-control-fails-c0fdf5228070|access-date=23 July 2017|date=2017-05-10}}</ref> People sometimes attempt to limit rodent damage using repellents. Balsam fir oil from the tree ''[[Abies balsamea]]'' is an EPA approved non-toxic rodent repellent.<ref>[https://www3.epa.gov/pesticides/chem_search/reg_actions/registration/fs_PC-129035_26-Apr-07.pdf Balsam fir oil (129035) Fact Sheet | Pesticides | US EPA]</ref> [[Acacia polyacantha subsp. campylacantha|''Acacia polyacantha'' subsp. ''campylacantha'']] root emits [[chemical compound]]s that repel animals including [[rat]]s.<ref name="plantz">{{Cite web |url=http://www.plantzafrica.com/plantab/acaciapoly.htm |title=PlantZAfrica.com |access-date=17 January 2009 |archive-date=14 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514033609/http://www.plantzafrica.com/plantab/acaciapoly.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="world">[http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/af/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=99  World AgroForestry Centre] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928042556/http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/af/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=99 |date=28 September 2007 }}</ref>

====Pantry pests====
[[File:Tribolium castaneum.jpg|thumb|The red flour beetle, ''[[Tribolium castaneum]]'', attacks stored grain products worldwide.]]

Insect pests including the [[Mediterranean flour moth]], the [[Indian mealmoth]], the [[cigarette beetle]], the [[drugstore beetle]], the [[confused flour beetle]], the [[red flour beetle]], the [[merchant grain beetle]], the [[sawtoothed grain beetle]], the [[wheat weevil]], the [[maize weevil]] and the [[rice weevil]] infest stored dry foods such as flour, cereals and pasta.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ento.psu.edu/extension/factsheets/mediterranean-flour-moth |title=Mediterranean Flour Moth (Department of Entomology) |website=Department of Entomology (Penn State University) |access-date=14 November 2017}}</ref><ref name=Jacobs/>

In the home, foodstuffs found to be infested are usually discarded, and storing such products in sealed containers should prevent the problem from reoccurring. The eggs of these insects are likely to go unnoticed, with the larvae being the destructive life stage, and the adult the most noticeable stage.<ref name=Jacobs>{{cite web |url=http://ento.psu.edu/extension/factsheets/cereal-and-pantry-pests |title=Cereal and Pantry Pests |author=Jacobs, Steve |date=1 January 2013 |publisher=Penn State: Department of Entomology |access-date=30 August 2017}}</ref> Since pesticides are not safe to use near food, alternative treatments such as freezing for four days at {{convert|0|°F}} or baking for half an hour at {{convert|130|°F}} should kill any insects present.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.extension.umn.edu/garden/insects/find/insect-pests-of-stored-food/ |title=Insect pests of stored foods |author1=Hahn, Jeffrey |author2=Jesse, Laura |author3=Pellitteri, Phil |publisher=University of Minnesota Extension |access-date=30 August 2017}}</ref>

====Clothes moths====
[[File:MiteTineola 1233096.jpg|thumb|Larva, pupa and adult clothes moth ''[[Tineola bisselliella]]'' with characteristic damage to fabric]]
The larvae of clothes moths (mainly ''[[Tineola bisselliella]]'' and ''[[Tinea pellionella]]'') feed on fabrics and carpets, particularly those that are stored or soiled. The adult females lay batches of eggs on natural fibres, including wool, silk, and fur, as well as cotton and linen in blends. The developing larvae spin protective webbing and chew into the fabric, creating holes and specks of excrement. Damage is often concentrated in concealed locations, under collars and near seams of clothing, in folds and crevices in upholstery and round the edges of carpets as well as under furniture.<ref name=UCIPM>{{cite web|last=Choe| first=D.-H.|title=Clothes moths|url=http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/pn7435.html |date=1 March 2013 |publisher=Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of California |access-date=1 September 2017}}</ref> Methods of control include using airtight containers for storage, periodic laundering of garments, trapping, freezing, heating and the use of chemicals; mothballs contain volatile insect repellents such as [[1,4-Dichlorobenzene]] which deter adults, but to kill the larvae, [[permethrin]], [[pyrethroid]]s or other insecticides may need to be used.<ref name=UCIPM/>

====Carpet beetles====
Carpet beetles are members of the family [[Dermestidae]], and while the adult beetles feed on [[nectar]] and [[pollen]], the larvae are destructive pests in homes, warehouses, and museums. They feed on animal products including wool, silk, leather, fur, the bristles of hair brushes, pet hair, feathers, and museum specimens. They tend to infest hidden locations and may feed on larger areas of fabrics than do clothes moths, leaving behind specks of excrement and brown, hollow, bristly-looking cast skins.<ref name=Carpet>{{cite web|last=Choe| first=D.-H.|title=Carpet beetles |url=http://ipm.ucanr.edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/pn7436.html |date=1 December 2012 |publisher=Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of California |access-date=1 September 2017}}</ref> Management of infestations is difficult and is based on exclusion and sanitation where possible, resorting to pesticides when necessary. The beetles can fly in from outdoors and the larvae can survive on lint fragments, dust, and inside the bags of [[vacuum cleaner]]s. In warehouses and museums, sticky traps baited with suitable [[pheromone]]s can be used to identify problems, and heating, freezing, spraying the surface with insecticide, and fumigation will kill the insects when suitably applied. Susceptible items can be protected from attack by keeping them in clean airtight containers.<ref name=Carpet/>

====Bookworms====
Books are sometimes attacked by cockroaches, silverfish,<ref name=Ransom/> book mites, [[booklice]],<ref name=Greenfield>{{cite book|author=Greenfield, Jane|title=The Care of Fine Books|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KR3nBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA67 |year=2014 |publisher=Skyhorse Publishing |isbn=978-1-62914-048-3 |page=67}}</ref> and various beetles which feed on the covers, paper, bindings and glue. They leave behind physical damage in the form of tiny holes as well as staining from their faeces.<ref name=Ransom>{{cite web |url=http://www.hrc.utexas.edu/conservation/resources/insects/ |title=Conservation: Approaches to Insect Problems in Paper and Books |publisher=Harry Ransom Center |access-date=2 September 2017}}</ref> Book pests include the [[Dermestes lardarius|larder beetle]], and the larvae of the [[black carpet beetle]] and the [[drugstore beetle]] which attack leather-bound books, while the [[Tineola bisselliella|common clothes moth]] and the [[Hofmannophila pseudospretella|brown house moth]] attack cloth bindings. These attacks are largely a problem with historic books, because modern bookbinding materials are less susceptible to this type of damage.<ref>{{cite book |last=Murray |first=Stuart |title=The Library: An Illustrated History |year=2009 |publisher=Skyhorse Publishing |page=198}}</ref>

Evidence of attack may be found in the form of tiny piles of book-dust and specks of [[frass]]. Damage may be concentrated in the spine, the projecting edges of pages and the cover. Prevention of attack relies on keeping books in cool, clean, dry positions with low humidity, and occasional inspections should be made. Treatment can be by freezing for lengthy periods, but some insect eggs are very resistant and can survive for long periods at low temperatures.<ref name=Ransom/>

====Beetles====
[[File:130312 Tesarik krovovy Hylotrupes bajulus (7).JPG|thumb|upright|House timber split open to reveal larvae of the [[house longhorn beetle]], ''Hylotrupes bajulus'', in their burrows, which are partially filled with [[frass]]]]

Various beetles in the [[Bostrichoidea]] superfamily attack the dry, seasoned wood used as structural timber in houses and to make furniture. In most cases, it is the larvae that do the damage; these are invisible from the outside of the timber but are chewing away at the wood in the interior of the item. Examples of these are the [[powderpost beetle]]s, which attack the sapwood of hardwoods, and the [[furniture beetle]]s, which attacks softwoods, including plywood. The damage has already been done by the time the adult beetles bore their way out, leaving neat round holes behind them. The first that a householder knows about the beetle damage is often when a chair leg breaks off or a piece of structural timber caves in. Prevention is possible through chemical treatment of the timber prior to its use in construction or in furniture manufacturing.<ref name=Gerozisis>{{cite book|author1=Gerozisis, John|author2=Hadlington, Phillip |author3=Staunton, Ion|title=Urban Pest Management in Australia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yyFqiIG_aacC&pg=PA131 |year=2008 |publisher=UNSW Press |isbn=978-0-86840-894-1 |pages=131–135}}</ref>

====Termites====
[[Termite#As pests|Termites]] with [[Colony (biology)|colonies]] in close proximity to houses can extend their galleries underground and make mud tubes to enter homes. The insects keep out of sight and chew their way through structural and decorative timbers, leaving the surface layers intact, as well as through cardboard, plastic and insulation materials. Their presence may become apparent when winged insects appear and swarm in the home in spring. Regular inspection of structures by a trained professional may help detect termite activity before the damage becomes substantial.;<ref>{{cite book|last=Thorne, Ph.D|first=Barbara L. |date=1999 |title=NPMA Research Report On Subterranean Termites |location=Dunn Loring, VA |publisher=NPMA|page=41|url=https://entomology.umd.edu/thorne-barbara-l.html}}</ref>  Inspection and monitoring of termites is important because termite alates (winged reproductives) may not always swarm inside a structure. Control and extermination is a professional job involving trying to exclude the insects from the building and trying to kill those already present. Soil-applied liquid [[termiticide]]s provide a chemical barrier that prevents termites from entering buildings, and lethal baits can be used; these are eaten by foraging insects, and carried back to the nest and shared with other members of the colony, which goes into slow decline.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://entomology.ca.uky.edu/ef604 |title=Termite Control: Answers for Homeowners |date=1 March 2004 |work=Termite control |publisher=University of Kentucky: Entomology |access-date=3 September 2017}}</ref>

====Mosquitoes====
[[File:Aedes aegypti biting human.jpg|thumb|upright|Mosquito ''([[Aedes aegypti]])'' biting a human]]
Mosquitoes are midge-like flies in the family [[Culicidae]]. Females of most species feed on blood and some act as vectors for [[malaria]] and other diseases. Historically they have been controlled by use of [[DDT]] and other chemical means, but since the adverse environmental effects of these insecticides have been realized, other means of control have been attempted. The insects rely on water in which to breed and the first line of control is to reduce possible breeding locations by draining marshes and reducing accumulations of standing water. Other approaches include biological control of larvae by the use of fish or other [[Predation|predators]], genetic control, the introduction of pathogens, growth-regulating hormones, the release of [[pheromone]]s and mosquito trapping.<ref>{{cite book|author=National Academy of Sciences (U.S.). Panel on Perspectives in Mosquito-Control Methods Suitable for Developing Countries|title=Mosquito Control: Some Perspectives for Developing Countries|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wl8rAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA2 |year=1973 |publisher=National Academies |pages=2–6}}</ref>