Editing Polish language (section)

==Borrowed words==
{{multiple image
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| image1            = Chou-fleur 02.jpg
| image2            = Cordage en chanvre.jpg
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| footer            = Poland was once a multi-ethnic nation with many minorities that contributed to the Polish language. {{olist
    |Top left: [[cauliflower]] (Polish ''kalafior'' from [[Italian language|Italian]] ''cavolfiore'').
    |Top right: [[rope]] (''sznur'' from [[German language|German]] ''Schnur'').
    |Bottom left: [[shark]] (''rekin'' from [[French language|French]] ''requin'').
    |Bottom right: [[teacher]] (''belfer'' (colloquial) from [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]] בעלפֿער ''belfer'')
    }}
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Polish has, over the centuries, borrowed a number of words from other languages. When borrowing, pronunciation was adapted to Polish phonemes and spelling was altered to match [[Polish orthography]]. In addition, word endings are liberally applied to almost any word to produce [[verb]]s, [[noun]]s, [[adjective]]s, as well as adding the appropriate endings for cases of nouns, adjectives, [[diminutive]]s, double-diminutives, [[augmentative]]s, etc.

Depending on the historical period, borrowing has proceeded from various languages. Notable influences have been [[Latin]] (10th–18th centuries),<ref name="Istvan Fodor, Claude Hagege-1983">{{cite book|title=Language Reform: History and Future|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SK1hAAAAMAAJ|author=István Fodor, Claude Hagège|publisher=Buske|volume=1|page=324|date=1983|isbn=978-3-87118-572-4|access-date=27 August 2020|archive-date=27 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240427103921/https://books.google.com/books?id=SK1hAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Czech language|Czech]] (10th and 14th–15th centuries), [[Italian language|Italian]] (16th–17th centuries),<ref name="Istvan Fodor, Claude Hagege-1983" /> [[French language|French]] (17th–19th centuries),<ref name="Istvan Fodor, Claude Hagege-1983" /> German (13–15th and 18th–20th centuries), [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] (15th–16th centuries)<ref name="Istvan Fodor, Claude Hagege-1983" /> and [[Turkish language|Turkish]] (17th century). Currently, English words are the most common imports to Polish.<ref name="Knara-2017">{{cite web|url=https://e-polish.eu/blog/zapozyczenia-w-jezyku-polskim/|title=Zapożyczenia w języku polskim|first=Izabela|last=Knara|website=e-polish.eu|language=pl|date=6 October 2017|access-date=28 November 2018|archive-date=28 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128075449/https://e-polish.eu/blog/zapozyczenia-w-jezyku-polskim/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Loanwords make up 26.2% of the Polish vocabulary, with 36.3% originating from Latin, 19.7% from German, 15.9% from French, 7.1% from Czech, 3.8% from Greek, 3.5% from English, 3.1% from Italian, 1.9% from Ukrainian and Belarusian, 1.4% from Russian, and 1.5% from other languages; 5.9% are artificial borrowings (usually [[compound words]] of undetermined origin).<ref>{{cite web |title=Migracje słów do jezyka polskiego [Migrations of words into Polish]|url=https://atlas2022.uw.edu.pl/wp-content/uploads/sites/416/nggallery/mapy/migracje_slow_do.png |website=atlas2022.uw.edu.pl |publisher=Faculty of Geography and Regional Studies, [[University of Warsaw]] |access-date=30 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240330222725/https://atlas2022.uw.edu.pl/wp-content/uploads/sites/416/nggallery/mapy/migracje_slow_do.png/ |archive-date=30 March 2024 |language=pl, en}}</ref>

The Latin language, for a very long time the only official language of the Polish state, has had a great influence on Polish. Many Polish words were direct borrowings or calques (e.g. ''[[wikt:rzeczpospolita|rzeczpospolita]]'' from ''res publica'') from Latin. [[Latin]] was known to a larger or smaller degree by most of the numerous [[szlachta]] in the 16th to 18th centuries (and it continued to be extensively taught at secondary schools until [[World War II]]). Apart from dozens of loanwords, its influence can also be seen in a number of verbatim Latin phrases in [[Polish literature]] (especially from the 19th century and earlier).
During the 12th and 13th centuries, Mongolian words were brought to the Polish language during wars with the armies of [[Genghis Khan]] and his descendants, e.g. ''dzida'' (spear) and ''szereg'' (a line or row).<ref name="Knara-2017"/>

Words from [[Czech language|Czech]], an important influence during the 10th and 14th–15th centuries include ''[[sejm]]'', ''hańba'' and ''brama''.<ref name="Knara-2017"/>

In 1518, the Polish king [[Sigismund I of Poland|Sigismund I the Old]] married [[Bona Sforza]], the niece of the Holy Roman emperor Maximilian, who introduced Italian cuisine to Poland, especially vegetables.<ref name="ciekawostkihistoryczne.pl">{{cite web|url=https://ciekawostkihistoryczne.pl/2014/11/07/czy-bona-sforza-naprawde-sprowadzila-do-polski-kapuste-i-kalafior/|title=Czy Bona Sforza naprawdę sprowadziła do Polski kapustę i kalafior?|first=Kamil|last=Janicki|website=CiekawostkiHistoryczne.pl|language=pl|date=7 October 2014|access-date=28 November 2018|archive-date=28 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128075529/https://ciekawostkihistoryczne.pl/2014/11/07/czy-bona-sforza-naprawde-sprowadzila-do-polski-kapuste-i-kalafior/|url-status=live}}</ref> Hence, words from Italian include ''pomidor'' from "pomodoro" ([[tomato]]), ''kalafior'' from "cavolfiore" ([[cauliflower]]), and ''pomarańcza'', a portmanteau from Italian "pomo" ([[pome]]) plus "arancio" (orange). A later word of Italian origin is ''autostrada'' (from Italian "autostrada", highway).<ref name="ciekawostkihistoryczne.pl"/>

In the 18th century, with the rising prominence of France in Europe, [[French language|French]] supplanted Latin as an important source of words. Some French borrowings also date from the Napoleonic era, when the Poles were enthusiastic supporters of [[Napoleon]]. Examples include ''ekran'' (from French "écran", screen), ''abażur'' ("abat-jour", lamp shade), ''biuro'' ("bureau", [[office]]), ''biżuteria'' ("bijou", [[Jewellery|jewelry]]), ''rekin'' ("requin", [[shark]]), ''meble'' ("meuble", furniture), ''bagaż'' ("bagage", luggage), ''walizka'' ("valise", suitcase), ''fotel'' ("fauteuil", armchair), ''plaża'' ("plage", beach) and ''koszmar'' ("cauchemar", [[nightmare]]). Some place names have also been adapted from French, such as the [[Warsaw]] boroughs of [[Żoliborz]] ("joli bord" = beautiful riverside), [[Marymont]] ("Marie mont" = Mary's hill) as well as the town of [[Żyrardów]] (from the name [[Philippe de Girard|Girard]], with the Polish suffix -ów attached to refer to the founder of the town).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.visit.zyrardow.pl/pol/2p|title=Historia Żyrardowa|website=www.visit.zyrardow.pl|access-date=28 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128122704/http://www.visit.zyrardow.pl/pol/2p|archive-date=28 November 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[File:Pink Birkin bag.jpg|thumb|Common [[handbag]] in Polish is called a ''torba'', a word directly derived from the [[Turkish language]]. Turkish loanwords are common as Poland bordered the [[Ottoman Empire]] for centuries.{{failed verification|date=June 2022}}]]

Many words were borrowed from the [[German language]] from the sizable German population in Polish cities during medieval times. German words found in the Polish language are often connected with trade, the building industry, civic rights and city life. Some words were assimilated verbatim, for example ''handel'' (trade) and ''dach'' (roof); others are pronounced similarly, but differ in writing ''Schnur''—''sznur'' (cord). As a result of being neighbors with Germany, Polish has many German expressions which have become literally translated ([[calques]]). The regional [[dialect]]s of [[Upper Silesia]] and [[Masuria]] (Modern Polish [[East Prussia]]) have noticeably more German loanwords than other varieties.

The [[Poland-Turkey relations|contacts with Ottoman Turkey]] in the 17th century brought many new words, some of them still in use, such as: ''jar'' ("yar" deep valley), ''szaszłyk'' ("şişlik" shish kebab), ''filiżanka'' ("fincan" cup), ''arbuz'' ("karpuz" [[watermelon]]), ''dywan'' ("divan" carpet),<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.bartleby.com/61/68/K0056800.html |title=kielbasa |encyclopedia=The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language |edition=fourth |year=2000 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Company |access-date=2009-05-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080630012313/https://www.bartleby.com/61/68/K0056800.html |archive-date=2008-06-30 }}</ref> etc.

From the founding of the Kingdom of Poland in 1025 through the early years of the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]] created in 1569, Poland was the most tolerant country of Jews in Europe. Known as the "[[Heaven for the nobles, Purgatory for the townspeople, Hell for the peasants, and Paradise for the Jews|paradise for the Jews]]",<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ypcWuuGVvX8C&pg=PA30|title=A History of East European Jews|last=Haumann|first=Heiko|date=2002-01-01|publisher=Central European University Press|isbn=978-963-9241-26-8|language=en|access-date=26 September 2018|archive-date=27 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240427103948/https://books.google.com/books?id=ypcWuuGVvX8C&pg=PA30|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://culture.pl/en/article/a-virtual-visit-to-the-museum-of-the-history-of-polish-jews|title=A Virtual Visit to the Museum of the History of Polish Jews|work=Culture.pl|access-date=2018-09-26|language=en|archive-date=25 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925104359/https://culture.pl/en/article/a-virtual-visit-to-the-museum-of-the-history-of-polish-jews|url-status=live}}</ref> it became a shelter for persecuted and expelled European Jewish communities and the home to the world's largest Jewish community of the time. As a result, many Polish words come from [[Yiddish]], spoken by the large [[History of the Jews in Poland|Polish Jewish]] population that existed until the [[The Holocaust|Holocaust]]. Borrowed Yiddish words include ''bachor'' (an unruly boy or child), ''bajzel'' (slang for mess), ''belfer'' (slang for teacher), ''ciuchy'' (slang for clothing), ''cymes'' (slang for very tasty food), ''geszeft'' (slang for business), ''kitel'' (slang for apron), ''machlojka'' (slang for scam), ''mamona'' (money), ''manele'' (slang for oddments), ''myszygene'' (slang for lunatic), ''pinda'' (slang for girl, pejoratively), ''plajta'' (slang for bankruptcy), ''rejwach'' (noise), ''szmal'' (slang for money), and ''trefny'' (dodgy).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.academia.edu/31168653|title=Wpływ języków żydowskich na język polski|first=Katarzyna|last=Martinovic|access-date=28 November 2018|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728035738/https://www.academia.edu/31168653/Wp%C5%82yw_j%C4%99zyk%C3%B3w_%C5%BCydowskich_na_j%C4%99zyk_polski|url-status=live}}</ref>

The mountain dialects of the [[Gorals|Górale]] in southern Poland, have quite a number of words borrowed from [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] (e.g. ''baca'', ''gazda'', ''juhas'', ''hejnał'') and [[Romanian language|Romanian]] as a result of historical contacts with Hungarian-dominated [[Slovakia]] and Wallachian herders who travelled north along the [[Carpathian Mountains|Carpathians]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://polskiwdwunastce.edu.pl/12-wiedza-o-jezyku/99-historia-zapozyczen|title=Historia zapożyczeń|website=polskiwdwunastce.edu.pl|access-date=28 November 2018|archive-date=28 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128122658/http://polskiwdwunastce.edu.pl/12-wiedza-o-jezyku/99-historia-zapozyczen|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[grypsera|Thieves' slang]] includes such words as ''kimać'' (to sleep) or ''majcher'' (knife) of Greek origin, considered then unknown to the outside world.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.academia.edu/31283378|title=Kilka uwag o socjolekcie przestępczym polszczyzny przedwojennego Lwowa, "Socjolingwistyka" XXX, 2016|first=Maciej|last=Rak|journal=Socjolingwistyka|volume=30|page=133|doi=10.17651/SOCJOLING.30.11|access-date=28 November 2018|doi-access=free|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728035745/https://www.academia.edu/31283378/Kilka_uwag_o_socjolekcie_przest%C4%99pczym_polszczyzny_przedwojennego_Lwowa_Socjolingwistyka_XXX_2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

In addition, Turkish and Tatar have exerted influence upon the vocabulary of war, names of oriental costumes etc.<ref name="Istvan Fodor, Claude Hagege-1983" />  Russian borrowings began to make their way into Polish from the second half of the 19th century on.<ref name="Istvan Fodor, Claude Hagege-1983" />

Polish has also received an intensive number of English loanwords, particularly after World War II.<ref name="Istvan Fodor, Claude Hagege-1983" /> Recent loanwords come primarily from the [[English language]], mainly those that have [[Latin]] or [[Greek language|Greek]] roots, for example {{lang|pl|komputer}} (computer), {{Lang|pl|korupcja}} (from 'corruption', but sense restricted to 'bribery') etc. Concatenation of parts of words (e.g. ''auto-moto''), which is not native to Polish but common in English, for example, is also sometimes used.  When borrowing English words, Polish often changes their spelling. For example, Latin suffix '-tio' corresponds to ''-cja''. To make the word plural, ''-cja'' becomes ''-cje''. Examples of this include ''inauguracja'' (inauguration), ''dewastacja'' (devastation), ''recepcja'' (reception), ''konurbacja'' (conurbation) and ''konotacje'' (connotations). Also, the digraph ''qu'' becomes ''kw'' (''kwadrant'' = quadrant; ''kworum'' = quorum).