Editing Prostate-specific antigen (section)

==History==

The discovery of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is beset with controversy; as PSA is present in prostatic tissue and semen, it was independently discovered and given different names, thus adding to the controversy.<ref name="Rao-2008">{{cite journal | vauthors = Rao AR, Motiwala HG, Karim OM | title = The discovery of prostate-specific antigen | journal = BJU International | volume = 101 | issue = 1 | pages = 5–10 | date = January 2008 | pmid = 17760888 | doi = 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2007.07138.x | s2cid = 27307190 }}</ref>

Flocks was the first to experiment with antigens in the prostate<ref name="Flocks-1972">{{cite journal | vauthors = Flocks RH, Boatman DL, Hawtrey CE | title = Tissue specific isoantigens in the dog prostate | journal = Investigative Urology | volume = 10 | issue = 3 | pages = 215–220 | date = November 1972 | pmid = 4629646 }}</ref> and 10 years later [[Richard J. Ablin|Ablin]] reported the presence of precipitation antigens in the prostate.<ref name="Ablin-1969">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ablin RJ, Soanes WA, Gonder MJ | title = Immunologic studies of the prostate. A review | journal = International Surgery | volume = 52 | issue = 1 | pages = 8–21 | date = July 1969 | pmid = 4977978 }}</ref>

In 1971, Mitsuwo Hara characterized a unique protein in the semen fluid, gamma-seminoprotein. Li and Beling, in 1973, isolated a protein, E1, from human semen in an attempt to find a novel method to achieve fertility control.<ref name="Li-1973">{{cite journal | vauthors = Li TS, Beling CG | title = Isolation and characterization of two specific antigens of human seminal plasma | journal = Fertility and Sterility | volume = 24 | issue = 2 | pages = 134–144 | date = February 1973 | pmid = 4631694 | doi = 10.1016/S0015-0282(16)39496-1 }}</ref><ref name="Li-1974">{{cite journal | vauthors = Li TS, Beling CG | title = The effect of antibodies to two human seminal plasma-specific antigens on human sperm | journal = Fertility and Sterility | volume = 25 | issue = 10 | pages = 851–856 | date = October 1974 | pmid = 4213812 | doi = 10.1016/S0015-0282(16)40691-6 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

In 1978, Sensabaugh identified semen-specific protein p30, but proved that it was similar to E1 protein, and that prostate was the source.<ref name="Sensabaugh-1978">{{cite journal | vauthors = Sensabaugh GF | title = Isolation and characterization of a semen-specific protein from human seminal plasma: a potential new marker for semen identification | journal = Journal of Forensic Sciences | volume = 23 | issue = 1 | pages = 106–115 | date = January 1978 | pmid = 744956 | doi = 10.1520/JFS10659J }}</ref> In 1979, Wang purified a tissue-specific antigen from the prostate ('prostate antigen').<ref name="Wang-1979">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wang MC, Valenzuela LA, Murphy GP, Chu TM | title = Purification of a human prostate specific antigen | journal = Investigative Urology | volume = 17 | issue = 2 | pages = 159–163 | date = September 1979 | pmid = 89106 }}</ref>

PSA was first measured quantitatively in the blood by Papsidero in 1980,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kuriyama M, Wang MC, Papsidero LD, Killian CS, Shimano T, Valenzuela L, Nishiura T, Murphy GP, Chu TM | title = Quantitation of prostate-specific antigen in serum by a sensitive enzyme immunoassay | journal = Cancer Research | volume = 40 | issue = 12 | pages = 4658–4662 | date = December 1980 | pmid = 6159971 }}</ref> and Stamey carried out the initial work on the clinical use of PSA as a marker of prostate cancer.<ref name="Rao-2008" />