Editing Public library (section)

==Services==
===Book borrowing and lending===
[[File:A municipal library, Prague - 8471.jpg|thumb|A municipal library in Prague]]
The main task of public libraries is to provide the public with access to books and periodicals. The [[American Library Association]] (ALA), addresses this role of libraries as part of "access to information"<ref>{{cite web |publisher=American Library Association (ALA) |title=Access to Information |access-date=16 July 2009 |url=http://www.ala.org/ala/issuesadvocacy/access/accesstoinformation/index.cfm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090630194343/http://www.ala.org/ala/issuesadvocacy/access/accesstoinformation/index.cfm |archive-date=30 June 2009 }}</ref> and "equity of access";<ref>{{cite web |publisher=American Library Association (ALA) |title=Equity of Access |access-date=16 July 2009 |url=http://www.ala.org/ala/issuesadvocacy/access/equityofaccess/index.cfm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091004054709/http://www.ala.org/ala/issuesadvocacy/access/equityofaccess/index.cfm |archive-date=4 October 2009 }}</ref> part of the profession's ethical commitment that "no one should be denied information because he or she cannot afford the cost of a book or periodical, have access to the internet or information in any of its various formats."<ref>{{cite web |publisher= American Library Association (ALA) |title= Access |access-date= 16 July 2009 |url= http://ala.org/ala/issuesadvocacy/access/index.cfm |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090728090756/http://www.ala.org/ala/issuesadvocacy/access/index.cfm |archive-date= 28 July 2009 |df= mdy-all }}</ref>

Libraries typically offer access to thousands, tens of thousands, or even millions of books, the majority of which are available for borrowing by anyone with the appropriate [[library card]]. A library's selection of books is called its ''collection'', and usually includes a range of popular fiction, classics, nonfiction and reference works, books of public interest or under public discussion, and subscriptions to popular newspapers and magazines. Most libraries offer quiet space for reading, known as reading rooms. Borrowers may also take books home, as long as they return them at a certain time and in good condition. If a borrowed book is returned late, the library may charge a small [[library fine]], though some libraries have eliminated fines in recent years. About two-thirds of libraries now provide access to [[e-books]] and digital or digitized periodicals as well as printed books.<ref name="plftas">{{cite web|last=Hoffman|first=Judy|title=Libraries Connect Communities: Public Library Funding & Technology Access Study 2011-2012|url=http://www.ala.org/research/sites/ala.org.research/files/content/initiatives/plftas/2011_2012/plftas12_execsummary.pdf|publisher=American Library Association|access-date=28 July 2013|author2=Bertot, John Carlo|author3=Davis, Denise|date=June 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101153110/http://www.ala.org/research/sites/ala.org.research/files/content/initiatives/plftas/2011_2012/plftas12_execsummary.pdf|archive-date=1 November 2013}}</ref> Many libraries offer assistance to borrowers, to select books, through specialist Readers' Advisory Services librarians.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.sl.nsw.gov.au/services/public_libraries/docs/ALHF2014_EllenForsyth_SherreyQuinn.pdf|title = Reading Revived: A History of Readers' Advisory Services in Australian Public Libraries|date = 2014|access-date = 18 January 2016|publisher = State Library of New South Wales|last1 = Forsyth|first1 = Ellen|last2 = Quinn|first2 = Sherrey|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150116043855/http://www.sl.nsw.gov.au/services/public_libraries/docs/ALHF2014_EllenForsyth_SherreyQuinn.pdf|archive-date = 16 January 2015}}</ref>

Public libraries also provide books and other materials for children. These items are often housed in a special section known as a children's library and attended to by a specialized children's librarian. Child oriented [[websites]] with on-line educational games and programs specifically designed for younger library users are becoming increasingly popular. Services may be provided for other groups, such as [[large print]] or [[braille]] materials, [[audiobook|books on tape]], [[young adult literature]] and other materials for teenagers, or materials in other than the national language (in foreign languages).<ref>{{Cite book|title=Introduction to Public Librarianship|last1=McCook|first1=Kathleen de la Peña|last2=Bossaller|first2=Jenny S.|publisher=ALA Neal-Schuman|year=2018|isbn=978-0-8389-1506-6|location=Chicago|pages=229–253|chapter=Chapter 8: Youth Services in Public Libraries: History, Core Services, Challenges, and Opportunities.}}</ref>

Libraries also lend books to each other, a practice known as [[interlibrary loan]]. Interlibrary loan allows libraries to provide patrons access to the collections of other libraries, especially rare, infrequently used, specialized and/or out-of-print books. Libraries within the same system, such as a county system, may lend their books to each other, or libraries in different states may even use an interlibrary loan system.

The selection, purchase and [[Library catalog|cataloging]] of books for a collection; the care, repair, and weeding of books; the organization of books in the library; [[readers' advisory]]; and the management of membership, borrowing and lending are typical tasks for a public [[librarian]], an [[information professional]] with graduate-level education or experience in [[library and information science]].<ref>Rubin, Richard E. ''Foundations of Library and Information Science'' (3rd ed. 2010)</ref>

====Privacy====
{{globalize|section|USA|date=March 2015}}
In the United States, libraries are responsible for supporting the [[First Amendment to the United States Constitution|First Amendment]] and how it relates to their facilities through policies such as the American Library Association's [[Library Bill of Rights]]. The right to freedom of speech and information is significant to public libraries; one way of upholding this doctrine is to protect the [[privacy]] of all patrons that belong to a library. The concept of confidentiality is important because the First Amendment may be violated if a patron's information could possibly be shared.<ref>{{Cite web|date=April 2017|title=Privacy|url=http://www.ala.org/advocacy/privacy|access-date=3 March 2021|website=American Library Association (ALA)}}</ref> Patrons may not feel free to check out certain materials for fear it would later be revealed. Members of society need to be reassured that even if they borrow controversial or embarrassing materials, their privacy will be upheld.<ref name="privacy interpretation">{{cite web|title=Privacy: An Interpretation of the Library Bill of Rights|url=http://www.ala.org/Template.cfm?Section=interpretations&Template=/ContentManagement/ContentDisplay.cfm&ContentID=132904|website=American Library Association|access-date=1 April 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402123448/http://www.ala.org/Template.cfm?Section=interpretations&Template=%2FContentManagement%2FContentDisplay.cfm&ContentID=132904|archive-date=2 April 2015}}</ref>

Some libraries require staff to talk about confidentiality or direct the patron to literature on the subject when creating a new library card for patrons.<ref>Chmara, T. (2009). Privacy and Confidentiality Issues [electronic resource]: a guide for libraries and their lawyers/ Theresa Chmara, Chicago: American Library Association, 2009.</ref>

===Digital engagement===
[[File:Fort Worth Library Computer Lab.jpg|thumb|Fort Worth Central Library Computer Lab]]

Part of the public library mission has become attempting to help bridge the [[digital divide]]. As more books, information resources, and government services are being provided online (see [[e-commerce]] and [[e-government]]), public libraries increasingly provide access to the Internet and [[public computer]]s for users who otherwise would not be able to connect to these services. They can also provide community  spaces to encourage the general population to improve their digital skills through Library Coding Clubs<ref>{{cite web|url=http://goscl.com/coding-clubs-in-libraries-on-the-rise-330-increase-from-march-2016/|title=Coding Clubs in Libraries on the Rise: 330% Increase from March 2016|website=goscl.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109223036/http://goscl.com/coding-clubs-in-libraries-on-the-rise-330-increase-from-march-2016/|archive-date=9 November 2016}}</ref> and [[Library makerspace]]. Almost all public libraries now house a [[computer lab]].<ref>{{cite web|title=After Access: Libraries & Digital Empowerment|url=http://www.ala.org/advocacy/sites/ala.org.advocacy/files/content/ALA%20DI%20After%20Access_final_12%2017%2015.pdf|website=ALA|access-date=23 February 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224054349/http://www.ala.org/advocacy/sites/ala.org.advocacy/files/content/ALA%20DI%20After%20Access_final_12%2017%2015.pdf|archive-date=24 February 2017}}</ref> Internationally, public libraries offer [[Information and communication technologies|information and communication technology]] (ICT) services, giving "access to information and knowledge" the "highest priority".<ref>{{cite web |last=Haavisto |first=T. |year=2006 |title=Libraries and the WSIS action lines: Guideline for international, regional and local advocacy for libraries in relation with implantation of the WSIS by action line 2005-2015. (Update. Mincio, D. (2007)) Electronic Version |page=2 |work=International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions and World Summit on the Information Society: Geneva 2003 – Tunis 2005 |access-date=15 July 2009 |url=http://www.ifla.org/files/wsis/Documents/libraries-and-the-wsis-action-lines-en.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302192904/http://www.ifla.org/files/wsis/Documents/libraries-and-the-wsis-action-lines-en.pdf |archive-date=2 March 2012 }}</ref> While different countries and areas of the world have their own requirements, general services offered include free connection to the Internet, training in using the Internet, and relevant content in appropriate languages. In addition to typical public library financing, [[non-governmental organization]]s (NGOs) and business fund services that assist public libraries in combating the digital divide.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation |year=2009 |title=Global Libraries: Opening a World of Information and Opportunities |access-date=15 July 2009 |url=http://www.gatesfoundation.org/libraries/Pages/global-libraries-projects-update.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090501143133/http://www.gatesfoundation.org/libraries/Pages/global-libraries-projects-update.aspx |archive-date=1 May 2009 }}</ref>
		
In addition to access, many public libraries offer training and support to computer users. Once access has been achieved, there remains a large gap in people's online abilities and skills. For many communities, the public library is the only agency offering free computer classes, information technology learning and an affordable, interactive way to build digital skills.{{Citation needed|date=May 2016}} {{as of|2012}}, 91% of libraries offer free wireless Internet to their patrons; 76% offer e-books for borrowing; and 90% offer formal or informal technology training.<ref name="plftas"/> A significant service provided by public libraries is assisting people with e-government access and use of federal, state and local government information, forms and services.
	 	
In 2006, 73% percent of library branches reported that they are the only local provider of free public computer and Internet access.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Bertot|first1=John Carlo|last2=Jaeger|first2=Paul T.|last3=Langa|first3=Lesley A.|last4=McClure|first4=Charles R.|title=Public access computing and Internet access in public libraries: The role of public libraries in e-government and emergency situations|journal=[[First Monday (journal)|First Monday]]|date=2006|volume=11|issue=9|doi=10.5210/fm.v11i9.1392 |doi-access=free }}</ref> A 2008 study found that "100 percent of rural, high poverty outlets provide public Internet access."<ref name="ii.fsu.edu">{{cite web |last1=Bertot |first1=J. C. |last2=McClure |first2=C. R. |last3=Jaeger |first3=P. T. |last4=Ryan |first4=J. |year=2008 |title=Public libraries and the Internet 2008: Study results and findings |access-date=31 May 2009 |publisher=Florida State University, Information Use Management and Policy Institute Website |url=http://www.ii.fsu.edu/plinternet_reports.cfm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090820204724/http://www.ii.fsu.edu/plinternet_reports.cfm |archive-date=20 August 2009 }}</ref> Access to computers and the Internet is now nearly as important to library patrons as access to books.<ref>{{cite news|last=Kaufman|first=Leslie|title=Survey Finds Rising Reliance on Libraries as a Gateway to the Web|url=http://mediadecoder.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/01/22/pew-survey-finds-reliance-on-libraries-for-computers-and-internet/?ref=technology&_r=0|access-date=28 July 2013|newspaper=New York Times|date=22 January 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103054834/http://mediadecoder.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/01/22/pew-survey-finds-reliance-on-libraries-for-computers-and-internet/?ref=technology&_r=0|archive-date=3 November 2014}}</ref>

===Classroom and meeting space===
[[File:20171209 BRASS editathon 01 002.jpg|thumb|Wikipedia [[edit-a-thon]] at BLI:B, a public library in Brussels]]
Public libraries have a long history of functioning as [[community center]]s or [[public space]]s for reading, study and formal and informal public meetings. In 1898, Andrew Carnegie, a prominent library philanthropist, built a library in Homestead, Pennsylvania, where his main steel mills were located. Besides a book collection, it included a bowling alley, an indoor swimming pool, basketball courts and other athletic facilities, a music hall, and numerous meeting rooms for local organizations. It sponsored highly successful semi-pro football and baseball teams.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Patrick B. Miller|author2=David K. Wiggins|title=Sport and the Color Line: Black Athletes and Race Relations in Twentieth Century America|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XHiKCLaOLOEC&pg=PA17|year=2004|publisher=Taylor & Francis|page=17|isbn=9780203497456}}</ref> Even before the development of the modern public library, [[subscription libraries]] were often used as clubs or gathering places. They served as much for social gossip and the meeting of friends, as coffee shops do today.<ref>Irwin, Raymond (1964) ''The Heritage of the English Library''. London: George Allen & Unwin, pp. 275-76</ref> Throughout history, public libraries were touted as alternatives to dance halls or gentleman's clubs, and frequently built, organized and supported because of their equalizing and civilizing influence.

Today, in-person and on-line programs for reader development, language learning, homework help, free lectures and cultural performances, and other community service programs are common offerings. The library storytime, in which books are read aloud to children and infants, is a cultural touchstone. Most public libraries offer frequent storytimes, often daily or even several times a day for different age groups. Some libraries have begun offering sensory storytimes for children and adults on the autism spectrum. Sensory storytimes give patrons "more ways to process information", especially considering people on the autism spectrum <ref name="spectrum">{{cite web |url=https://americanlibrariesmagazine.org/2016/03/01/sensory-storytime-spectrum-libraries-add-services-for-children-with-autism/ |title=Storytime for the Spectrum |last=Cottrell |first=Megan |date=March 1, 2016 |website=American Libraries |access-date=September 14, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202065210/https://americanlibrariesmagazine.org/2016/03/01/sensory-storytime-spectrum-libraries-add-services-for-children-with-autism/ |archive-date=February 2, 2022}}</ref> are concrete thinkers and/or might have sensory issues to fluorescent lightning or ambient noise other patrons might not notice.<ref name="spectrum" />

One of the most popular programs offered in public libraries is "summer reading" for children, families, and adults. Summer reading usually includes a list of books to read during summer holidays, as well as performances, book discussions or other celebrations of reading, culture and the humanities. Many libraries offer classes to the community such as tech clinics where patrons can bring in laptops and electronic devices and receive one on one attention in solving their problems and learning how to use them.
	
Libraries may also offer free or inexpensive meeting space for community organizations and educational and entrepreneurial activity. The addition of [[makerspace]]s in libraries (this is usually referred to as community outreach), beginning with the Fayetteville Free Library in 2011, offers the potential for new roles for public spaces and public libraries.<ref>{{cite news|last=McCue|first=T.J.|title=First Public Library to Create a Maker Space|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/tjmccue/2011/11/15/first-public-library-to-create-a-maker-space/|access-date=28 July 2013|newspaper=Forbes|date=15 November 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726071454/http://www.forbes.com/sites/tjmccue/2011/11/15/first-public-library-to-create-a-maker-space/|archive-date=26 July 2013}}</ref> Attendance at library programs increased by 22% between 2004 and 2008.<ref>{{cite web|title=Program attendance at public libraries is on the rise|url=http://www.lrs.org/documents/fastfacts/298_Programming.pdf|work=Fast facts: recent statistics from the Library Research Service|publisher=Colorado State Library|access-date=28 July 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104113125/http://www.lrs.org/documents/fastfacts/298_Programming.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2013}}</ref>

===Programming===
While in the past libraries were merely buildings to house their collections, most now utilize their space to offer programs or clubs regularly. Although some libraries will have similar programs with different names, such as book club, writing club or computer programs, most programs will differ based on the specific library and the community they serve. New studies have shown that librarians must research what their specific community needs, "because communities differ, however, the ways libraries implement these services differ as well. The [example of service response] offered at one library may vary significantly from [the same example] offered by another library. The differences are perfectly appropriate if they result from a tailoring of services to address local needs."<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x5buRH0KfhwC&q=%22because+communities+differ,+however,+the+ways+libraries+implement+these+services+differ+as+well%22&pg=PA147 | title=The New Planning for Results: A Streamlined Approach| isbn=9780838935040| last1=Nelson| first1=Sandra S.| year=2001| publisher=American Library Association}}</ref> Websites like [[Pinterest]] have numerous ideas for creating programs for local patrons, while the website [[Instructables]] has [[DIY]] tutorials, complete with pictures, which is helpful for libraries on a budget. "Programs in the humanities and the arts that encourage people to think and talk about ethics and values, history, art, poetry, and other cultures are integral to the library's mission."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ala.org/aboutala/offices/ppo/resources/benefitspublic|title=The Benefits of Public Programming for Participating Libraries and Audiences|date=29 March 2007|website=ala.org|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905234224/http://www.ala.org/aboutala/offices/ppo/resources/benefitspublic|archive-date=5 September 2017}}</ref>

====Adult programs====
[[File:Partners for Lifelong Learning, Public Libraries and Adult Education.png|thumb|Public Libraries and the Adult Education Act. 25 years.]]

Adult library programming in the United States initially had strong ties to adult education and adult literacy.<ref>Sticht, Thomas G. ''The POWER of Adult Education: Moving the Adult Education and Literacy System of the United States from the Margins to the Mainstream of Education''  2001. ERIC (ED457410).</ref> Margaret E. Monroe traced these connections on the 25th anniversary of the U.S. Adult Education Act which was part of the [[Economic Opportunity Act of 1964]].<ref>Monroe, Margaret Ellen. ''Partners for Lifelong Learning: Public Libraries & Adult Education.'' Washington, D.C.: Office of Library Programs, U.S. Dept. of Education, Office of Educational Research and Improvement, 1991.Also published in ERIC ED 341 393. IR 053 888</ref>

The American Library Association supported the "Adult Services in the Eighties" (ASE) project which replicated an earlier ALA 1952-53 survey, ''Adult Education Activities in Public Libraries'' by Helen Lyman Smith.<ref>Smith, Helen Lyman. ''Adult Education Activities in Public Libraries'', a Report of the ALA Survey of Adult Education Activities in Public Libraries and State Library Extension Agencies of the United States. Chicago: American Library Association, 1954.</ref> The ASE project was conducted to provide planning for new directions for adult library services.<ref>Heim, Kathleen M., and Danny P. Wallace. ''Adult Services: An Enduring Focus for Public Libraries.'' Chicago: American Library Association, 1990.</ref> Sources on the scope of adult services include "Where Would We Be without Them? Libraries and Adult Education Activities: 1966–91",<ref>McCook, Kathleen (1992)."Where Would We Be without Them? Libraries and Adult Education Activities: 1966–91." ''RQ,''32 : 245–253.</ref>  "Twenty-First Century Public Library Adult Services",<ref>Stephens, Annabel K. Twenty-First Century Public Library Adult Services, ''Reference & User Services Quarterly'' 45 (Spring 2006):223-235.</ref>''Adult Programs in the Library,''<ref>Lear, Brett W. ''Adult Programs in the Library.'' Chicago: American Library Association, 2014.</ref> and ''Designing Adult Services Strategies For Better Serving Your Community.''<ref>Roberts, Ann. ''Designing Adult Services Strategies For Better Serving Your Community.'' Santa Barbara, California : Libraries Unlimited, 2018.</ref> A national study of public library service to older adults was conducted  in 2015.<ref>Lenstra N, Oguz F, Duvall CS. Library services to an aging population: A nation-wide study in the United States. ''Journal of Librarianship & Information Science''. 2020;52(3):738-748.</ref>

The [[New York Public Library]] offers over 93,000 programs to its patrons every year at its 87 different branches. Adult programs include Excel classes, writing club, adult coloring club, chess club, knitting club, and a jewelry making class.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nypl.org/events/calendar|title=Events|website=The New York Public Library|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829224639/https://www.nypl.org/events/calendar|archive-date=29 August 2017}}</ref>

The [[Albuquerque Bernalillo County Library]] has an adult coloring club, a crochet/knitting/sewing club, a gardening club, a bead and string class, and a bilingual computer class.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://abqlibrary.org/events/adults|title=LibGuides: Programs & Events: For Adults|first=Ben|last=Ridout|website=abqlibrary.org|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830010634/http://abqlibrary.org/events/adults|archive-date=30 August 2017}}</ref>

The [[Tampa–Hillsborough County Public Library System]] has 31 branches that offer the usual book clubs and writing clubs for adults. However, they also offer an early morning walking club, chair yoga classes, beginning computer classes, genealogy classes, walk-in tech help, and a coffee and French talk class.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hcplc.org/events |title=Events & Classes |website=Hillsborough County Public Library |access-date=April 17, 2022}}</ref>

====Teen programs====
The [[Orange County Library System]] offers numerous teen activities such as a Maker/DIY program, Audio Equipment Training, Sewing classes, Knitting classes, ESL classes, and Chess club.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ocls.info/classes-events/audience/Teens?page=1|title=Classes & Events|website=ocls.info|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905231445/https://www.ocls.info/classes-events/audience/Teens?page=1|archive-date=5 September 2017}}</ref>

The [[Springfield Greene County Library]] has writing and book clubs as well as a tech training class, board game nights, movie nights, craft classes, and a ''[[My Little Pony]]'' club.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thelibrary.org/teens/ya.cfm|title=Programs for Young Adults|website=thelibrary.org|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905231251/https://thelibrary.org/teens/ya.cfm|archive-date=5 September 2017}}</ref>

The [[Pikes Peak Library District]] has math tutors for their teen patrons. They also offer writing and book clubs, a ''[[Dungeons & Dragons]]'' club, a coding lab, an [[anime]] club, guided [[meditation]], and an occasional ''[[Super Smash Bros.]]'' Tournament.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ppld.org/teens/programs/library-21c|title=Programs for Teens: Library 21c - PPLD.org|website=ppld.org|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905233344/https://ppld.org/teens/programs/library-21c|archive-date=5 September 2017}}</ref>

====Children's programs====
The [[Belmont Public Library]] offers an array of children's programs including story times for various age groups, concerts, music classes, puppet shows, a maker club, and sing-along Saturdays.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://belmontpubliclibrary.net/kids-at-the-library/childrens-events-programs/|title=Children's Events & Programs - Belmont Public Library|website=belmontpubliclibrary.net|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905232227/https://belmontpubliclibrary.net/kids-at-the-library/childrens-events-programs/|archive-date=5 September 2017}}</ref>

The [[Saratoga Springs Public Library]] also has numerous story times as well as Yoga for children, parent/child workshops, Spanish workshops, a read-to-a-dog program, and a Kindness club.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ny.evanced.info/sspl/lib/eventcalendar.asp?&dt=mo&df=calendar&cn=0&private=0&ln=0&et=Children+Programs|title=Schedule of Events|website=ny.evanced.info|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905231329/https://ny.evanced.info/sspl/lib/eventcalendar.asp?&dt=mo&df=calendar&cn=0&private=0&ln=0&et=Children+Programs|archive-date=5 September 2017}}</ref>

The Chelmsford Public Library has a plethora of story times for ages birth to preschool. They also offer baby yoga, stay and play time, toddler rhyme time, a dads and donuts day, and an annual Gingerbread Festival.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chelmsfordlibrary.org/kids/programs-for-young-children/|title=Programs for Young Children - Chelmsford Public Library|website=www.chelmsfordlibrary.org|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628212933/http://www.chelmsfordlibrary.org/kids/programs-for-young-children/|archive-date=28 June 2017}}</ref>

===Diversity===
{{further|Diversity in librarianship}}
A significant goal of American libraries is to become more [[culturally diverse]] throughout the country.  Public libraries are an equal access facility and want to make everyone feel welcome no matter their religion, race, ethnicity, gender identity, sexual orientation, ability, or financial status. To accomplish this goal, libraries are striving to find ways in which to make, staff, collections, and library programs they provide more [[culturally sensitive]].
 
A starting point for most libraries is to find out the [[demographics]] in which they are located.  Once the library system learns more about the community they serve, they can start building a collection and programs around it. Another suggestion from multiple experts says to hire staff that represents the society that the library is located in order to better relate and serve members of that society.

By performing a diversity audit on the items in a libraries collection staff can determine if the materials available offer a wide range of viewpoints and perspectives. The results of the audit can help inform purchasing decisions in the future, to assist staff in building a well rounded collection.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jensen |first=Karen |title=Diversity Auditing 101: How to Evaluate Your Collection |url=https://www.slj.com/story/diversity-auditing-101-how-to-evaluate-collection |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=School Library Journal}}</ref>

By making culturally diverse programs, a library can be inviting to many members of the community.  A few ways libraries accomplish this goal are by providing programs which are inclusive to many different cultures such as having lectures or events in different languages, including celebrations and holidays that are diverse, and by inviting speakers and authors from different cultures to come and talk.  
<ref>Smallwood, C., & Becnel, K. (2013). Library services for multicultural patrons [electronic resource]: strategies to encourage library use/ edited by Carol Smallwood, Kim Becnel. Lanham, Md: Scarecrow Press, 2013.</ref>

===Research assistance===
[[File:Holman Library interior (2).jpg|thumb|Library Reference desk in Holman Library, Auburn, Washington]]
Librarians at most public libraries provide reference and research help to the general public. This can include assisting students in finding reliable sources for papers and presentations; helping the public find answers to questions or evidence in a debate; or providing resources related to a specific event or topic. Reference assistance is usually provided through a [[reference interview]] which is usually conducted at a public [[reference desk]] but may also be conducted by telephone or online. Reference librarians may also help patrons develop an appropriate bibliography or works cited page for an academic paper. Depending on the size of the library, there may be multiple reference desks that deal with different topics. Large public, academic or research libraries may employ librarians that are experts in specific topics or subjects. Often the children's section in a public library has its own reference desk. At a smaller library, circulation and reference may occur at the same desk.
	
The Internet has had a significant effect on the availability and delivery of reference services. Many reference works, such as the ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'', have moved entirely online, and the way people access and use these works has changed dramatically in recent decades. The rise of [[search engine]]s and crowd-sourced resources such as [[Wikipedia]] have transformed the reference environment. In addition to the traditional reference interview, reference librarians have an increasing role in providing access to digitized reference works (including the selection and purchase of [[database]]s not available to the general public) and ensuring that references are reliable and presented in an academically acceptable manner. Librarians also have a role in teaching [[information literacy]], so that patrons can find, understand and use information and [[finding aid]]s like search engines, databases and library catalogs: for instance, patrons who lack access to expensive academic subscriptions can be taught to [[Unpaywall]] to access [[open access]] literature easily.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=25 April 2020|title=New Tools for Finding the Full Text|url=https://www.nypl.org/events/programs/2019/12/06/new-tools-finding-full-text|website=The New York Public Library}}</ref>

Public and academic libraries in the US answer over seven million questions weekly.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Quotable Facts About America's Libraries |url=https://www.ala.org/ala/pio/availablepiomat/quotablefact.pdf |access-date=April 29, 2024 |website=American Library Association}}</ref> The [[Boston Public Library]] answers more than one million reference questions annually.<ref name=tws18novabbb>{{cite news | author = Business Wire | title = Boston Public Library Secures E-Rate Funding; Selects One Communications for 31 Location MPLS Network | quote = "The Internet and emerging technologies have had a substantial impact on libraries," said Mary Bender, Communications Manager at [[Boston Public Library]]. "Content has been digitized and is available in a wider range of formats including video, and resources such as rare books, photos, and research documents now have broader accessibility within the community and around the world." | work = Reuters | date = 9 September 2009 | url = https://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS140972+09-Sep-2009+BW20090909 | archive-url = https://archive.today/20130201070107/http://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS140972+09-Sep-2009+BW20090909 | url-status = dead | archive-date = 1 February 2013 | access-date = 18 November 2009 }}</ref>

===Reference collections===
{{see also|Archives|Special collections}}
[[File:Choa Chu Kang library.jpg|thumb|Reading area in a [[Singapore]] public library]]

In addition to their circulating collection, public libraries usually offer a collection of [[reference book]]s, such encyclopedias, dictionaries, phone books and unique or expensive academic works. These books may not be available for borrowing, except under special circumstances. Reference books that are frequently used, such as phone books, may be housed in a special section called "ready reference".

Some libraries also keep historical documents relevant to their particular town, and serve as a resource for historians in some instances. The [[Queens Public Library]] kept letters written by unrecognized [[Tiffany lamp]] designer [[Clara Driscoll (Tiffany glass designer)|Clara Driscoll]], and the letters remained in the library until a curator discovered them.<ref name=tws16nov12>{{cite news | author = Kastner, Jeffrey | title = Out of Tiffany's Shadow, a Woman of Light | quote = He was co-curator of the exhibition with the independent scholar ... and the historical society's curator of decorative arts, Margaret K. Hofer. | newspaper = New York Times | date = 25 February 2007 | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/25/arts/design/25kast.html?pagewanted=print | access-date = 16 November 2009 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131114000525/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/25/arts/design/25kast.html?pagewanted=print | archive-date = 14 November 2013 }}</ref> Some libraries may also serve as [[archive]]s or government depositories, preserving historic newspapers, property records or government documents. Collections of unique or historical works are sometimes referred to as [[special collections]]; except in rare cases, these items are reference items, and patrons must use them inside the library under the supervision or guidance of a librarian. Local libraries' special collections may be of particular interest to people researching their family history. Libraries that are focused on collecting works related to particular families are genealogical libraries and may be housed in the same building as a public library.
		
Many libraries—especially large, urban libraries—have large collections of photographs, digital images, rare and fragile books, artifacts and manuscripts available for public viewing and use. Digitization and digital preservation of these works is an ongoing effort, usually funded by grants or philanthropy. In 2005, the New York Public Library offered the "[[NYPL Digital Gallery]]" which made a collection of 275,000 images viewable over the web; while most of the contents are in the [[public domain]], some images are still subject to [[copyright]] rules.<ref name=tws18novrreer>{{cite news | author = Jim Regan | title = The NY Public Library's Digital Gallery | quote = Officially launched on March 3rd, the NYPL Digital Gallery is presently offering 275,000 images (stored on a 57- terabyte, a thousand billion bytes of data, network of servers) for public perusal and free personal use ("...individual private study, scholarship and research...") | newspaper = Christian Science Monitor | date = 21 March 2005 | url = http://www.csmonitor.com/2005/0321/p25s01-stin.html | access-date = 18 November 2009 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080724065427/http://www.csmonitor.com/2005/0321/p25s01-stin.html | archive-date = 24 July 2008 }}</ref> Limited funding, [[copyright]] restrictions, a lack of expertise and poor [[provenance]] are barriers to the large-scale digitization of libraries' special collections.

===Other services===
{{See also|Computer lab#Academic software bundles}}
[[File:Biblioteca Movel.jpg|thumb|Mobile library in [[Olinda]], [[Pernambuco]], [[Brazil]].]]
Depending on a community's desires and needs, public libraries may offer many other resources and services to the public. In addition to print books and periodicals, most public libraries today have a wide array of other media including [[audiobook]]s, [[e-books]], [[compact disc|CD]]s, [[audio cassette|cassette]]s, [[videotape]]s, and [[DVD]]s. Certain libraries stock general materials for borrowing, such as pots, pans, sewing machines, and similar household items in order to appeal to a larger population.<ref>{{cite news|last=Garrison|first=Ellen|title=Borrow a sewing machine? Sacramento Public Library to start loaning more than books|url=http://www.sacbee.com/news/local/education/article8920145.html|access-date=28 July 2013|newspaper=Associated Press|date=2 February 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203010640/http://www.sacbee.com/news/local/education/article8920145.html|archive-date=3 February 2015}}</ref> Collections of books and academic research related to the local town or region are common, along with collections of works by local authors. Libraries' storage space and lending systems may be used to lend a wide range of materials, including works of art, cake pans, seeds, tools and musical instruments.<ref>{{cite news|last=Householder|first=Mike|title=Sets, drums and rotary tools: Libraries across US lending way more than books|url=https://www.foxnews.com/us/sets-drums-and-rotary-tools-libraries-across-us-lending-way-more-than-books/|access-date=28 July 2013|newspaper=Associated Press|date=18 July 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130725171437/http://www.foxnews.com/us/2013/07/18/sets-drums-and-rotary-tools-libraries-across-us-lending-way-more-than-books/|archive-date=25 July 2013}}</ref> Similar to museums and other cultural institutions, libraries may also host [[Exhibit (educational)|exhibits]] or [[exhibition]]s.

In addition to the extension of media variety and services, public libraries have been experimenting with different means to cater more specifically to their local patrons. One such program in California, Zip Books, works to provide books that libraries may not have in their collections for patrons who may be looking for them. Initially started as a pilot program in 2011 through an LSTA grant from the California Public Library system, the program works by patrons of partnered library districts initially making requests for books through Zip that their libraries does not possess. The libraries then purchase the books and have them sent directly to the patron requesting them. Then, once the patron has finished the books, they simply bring them to their local library, where the library will then incorporate them into their collection. Any libraries seeking to join the program can write out an application for their district to join Zip and their application then goes through a review process determined by need and the funding that is available. Funding is then distributed to members each year, with current members and libraries already on a waitlist taking first priority. This program, as of early 2022, has been expanded to 89 districts throughout California and any new applicants can apply for up to $35,000 worth of books in tangible formats. The maintenance of this program does fall onto the individual libraries and their librarians are then responsible for record keeping and managing the grant funds and their requests.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zip Books - California State Library |url=https://library.ca.gov/services/to-libraries/zip-books/}}</ref>

As more government services move online, libraries and librarians have a role in providing access to online forms and assistance with filling them out.<ref>{{cite news|title=Filing for unemployment will be online-only starting in August|url=http://www.winknews.com/Local-Florida/2011-07-13/Filing-for-unemployment-will-be-online-only-starting-in-August|access-date=22 August 2013|newspaper=Wink News Now|date=13 July 2011|quote="'I don't even have a computer at home, so I have to go to the library or a friend's house,' Kenneth Miller, who is out of work, said Wednesday."|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716005114/http://www.winknews.com/Local-Florida/2011-07-13/Filing-for-unemployment-will-be-online-only-starting-in-August|archive-date=16 July 2011}}</ref> For example, in 2013, American public libraries were promoted as a way for people to access online health insurance marketplaces created by the [[Affordable Care Act]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Lade|first=Diane|title=Confused about Affordable Care Act? Library can help|url=http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2013-08-15/health/fl-libraries-healthcare-counseling-20130814_1_open-enrollment-medicare-part-d-affordable-care-act|access-date=22 August 2013|newspaper=Sun Sentinel|date=15 August 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20130824015759/http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2013-08-15/health/fl-libraries-healthcare-counseling-20130814_1_open-enrollment-medicare-part-d-affordable-care-act|archive-date=24 August 2013}}</ref>
	 
In rural areas, the local public library may have a [[bookmobile]] service, consisting of one or more buses or pack animals (such as [[Biblioburro|burros]], [[Bookmobile#Present-day mobile libraries|camels, donkey, or elephants]]) furnished as small public libraries, some equipped with [[Hot spot (Wi-Fi)|Internet access points]] or computer labs, and serving the countryside according to a regular schedule. In communities that are extremely isolated or that have poor digital infrastructure, libraries may provide the only access to online education, [[telemedicine]], or [[remote work]]. Libraries also partner with schools and community organizations to promote literacy and learning.<ref name=Sunday>{{cite news | title=Sunday Forum: The importance of libraries| quote = You'll find librarians guiding customers to information that will help them to find a job, start a business or trace their family trees. You'll find teens learning to use video cameras and online media to support a worthy cause. You'll find children settling into a cozy pillow with a picture book.| newspaper = Pittsburgh Post-Gazette| date = 13 January 2008| url = http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/08013/848584-35.stm| access-date = 18 November 2009| url-status = live| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090301173114/http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/08013/848584-35.stm| archive-date = 1 March 2009}}</ref>

24-hour library access has been piloted in certain public libraries in North America, such as the [[Pioneer Library System]]'s [[Norman, Oklahoma|Norman]] Public Library in Oklahoma and [[Ottawa Public Library]] in [[Ontario]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://biblioottawalibrary.ca/en/content/book-lending-machines-prove-popular-stand-ottawa-libraries|title=Book-lending machines prove popular stand-in for Ottawa libraries - Ottawa Public Library|website=biblioottawalibrary.ca|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822133821/https://biblioottawalibrary.ca/en/content/book-lending-machines-prove-popular-stand-ottawa-libraries|archive-date=22 August 2016}}</ref> Such access may involve anywhere from a "library [[vending machine]]", in which print books are mechanically vended to (and dispensed from) patrons,<ref name=ALA.Review>{{cite journal |date=January–February 2014 |title=2013 Year in Review |journal=[[American Libraries]] |volume=45 |issue=1/2 |page=29}}</ref><ref name=NewsOK.Redbox>{{cite web |last1=Cannon |first1=Jane Glenn |title=Library 'Redbox' proposed for east Norman instead of branch |url=http://newsok.com/library-redbox-proposed-for-east-norman-instead-of-branch/article/3673976 |website=NewsOK |access-date=11 July 2014 |date=10 May 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230234646/http://newsok.com/library-redbox-proposed-for-east-norman-instead-of-branch/article/3673976 |archive-date=30 December 2013 }}</ref> to reduced staff during the night and early morning hours.

Libraries promote cultural awareness; in [[Newark, New Jersey]], the public library celebrated [[African-American history]] with exhibits and programs.<ref name=tws18novffssa>{{Cite news | first= Dennis | last=Papp | title = Library celebrates Black History 2009 | quote = The Library salutes the lives and legacy of the black doctors and nurses whose pioneering work in the greater metropolitan area opened the doors of the health services industry to the city's African- American population as both consumers and providers. | publisher = Newark Star-Ledger & nj.com | date = 15 January 2009 | url = http://www.nj.com/newark/public-library/index.ssf/2009/01/library_celebrates_black_histo.html | access-date = 18 November 2009 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110605184146/http://www.nj.com/newark/public-library/index.ssf/2009/01/library_celebrates_black_histo.html | archive-date = 5 June 2011 }}</ref> One account suggested libraries were essential to "economic competitiveness" as well as "neighborhood vitality" and help some people find jobs.<ref name=Sunday/>
	  	
[[File:FEMA - 38290 - Leon County DRC.jpg|thumb|FEMA Leon County Disaster Recovery Center, located inside the LeRoy Collins Public Library, [[Tallahassee, Florida]]]]Libraries have in important role during emergencies and disasters, where they may be used as shelters, provide space to charge phones and access the Internet, and serve as locations for the distribution of aid, especially financial aid, which requires access to computers and the Internet.<ref>{{cite news|last=Rose|first=Joel|title=For Disaster Preparedness: Pack A Library Card?|url=https://www.npr.org/2013/08/12/210541233/for-disasters-pack-a-first-aid-kit-bottled-water-and-a-library-card|access-date=12 August 2013|newspaper=NPR|date=12 August 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130812150840/http://www.npr.org/2013/08/12/210541233/for-disasters-pack-a-first-aid-kit-bottled-water-and-a-library-card|archive-date=12 August 2013}}</ref> The U.S. [[Federal Emergency Management Agency]] recognizes libraries as providing essential community service during times of disaster.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imls.gov/primary_source_directors_message_--_may_2011.aspx|title=Primary Source Director's Message -- May 2011|access-date=15 May 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150430000427/http://www.imls.gov/primary_source_directors_message_--_may_2011.aspx|archive-date=30 April 2015|date=19 May 2011}}</ref> Libraries have also had in increasingly important economic role during the recession, providing job search assistance, computer skills training and resume help to patrons.<ref>{{cite news|last=Chircop|first=David|title=Libraries' popularity rises as economy sinks|url=http://www.heraldnet.com/article/20090205/NEWS01/702059874|access-date=28 July 2013|newspaper=The Herald|date=5 February 2009|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213062453/http://www.heraldnet.com/article/20090205/NEWS01/702059874|archive-date=13 December 2013}}</ref>

In response to the [[COVID-19]] Pandemic, many libraries have begun offering remote and distance learning options for patrons.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ala.org/news/press-releases/2020/04/public-libraries-launch-expand-services-during-covid-19-pandemic-0|title=Public libraries launch, expand services during COVID-19 pandemic|date=April 9, 2020|website=News and Press Center}}</ref>