Open main menu
Home
Random
Recent changes
Special pages
Community portal
Preferences
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Incubator escapee wiki
Search
User menu
Talk
Dark mode
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Editing
Punic language
(section)
Warning:
You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you
log in
or
create an account
, your edits will be attributed to your username, along with other benefits.
Anti-spam check. Do
not
fill this in!
=== Pronouns === ==== Demonstrative pronoun ==== The demonstrative pronoun 'this, these' was:<ref>Krahmalkov (2001), pp. 75-85.</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+ |- ! !! Masculine !! Feminine !! !! |- | rowspan="2" | Singular || align="center" | '' '''Z, ’Z''', (<sup>e</sup>zdē)''; || align="center" | '' '''Z''' (<sup>e</sup>zdō)''; || (Punic) || rowspan="2" | (cf. Hebrew ''zèh'', fem. ''zōt'') |- | align="center" | '' '''S''' (si)''; <br>'' '''ST''' (sit)'' || align="center" | '' '''Š’''' (sō, sū)''; <br>'' '''ST''' (sōt)'' || (Neo-Punic) |- | Plural || colspan="2" align="center" | '' '''’L, ’L’''' (’llē)'' || (Punic and Neo-Punic) || (cf. Hebrew ''’ēllèh'') |} ===== Definite article ===== The definite article was evolving from Phoenician ''ha-'' to an unaspirated article ''a-''. By 406 BCE, both variants were attested in the same inscription ([[Agrigentum inscription|CIS I 5510]]). Although in later times the ''h-'' was no longer pronounced, the "historical" spelling '''''H-''''' kept being used, in addition to '''''’-''''' and Ø-, and one even finds '''''Ḥ-'''''.<ref>Krahmalkov (2001), p. 85-92.</ref> ==== Personal pronoun ==== The personal pronouns, when used on their own, are:<ref>Krahmalkov (2001), pp. 38-49.</ref> (forms between [...] are attested in Phoenician only) {| class="wikitable" |+ |- ! !! colspan="4" | Singular !! colspan="4" | Plural |- | || align="center" | '''masculine''' || align="center" | '''feminine''' || || (cf. Hebrew:) || align="center" | '''masculine''' || align="center" | '''feminine''' || || (cf. Hebrew:) |- | 1st person || colspan="2" align="center" | '' '''’NK, ’NKY''' (’anīki, ’anīk)'' || = 'I, I myself' || ''’ānokí'' || colspan="2" align="center" | ['' '''(’)NḤN''' ((’a)náḥnu)'' ] || = 'we' || ''’anáḥnū'' |- | 2nd person || align="center" | '' '''’T''' (’átta)'' || align="center" | ['' '''’T''' (’atti)'' ] || = 'you' (singular) || ''’attā(h); ’at'' || align="center" | '' '''’TM''' (’attím)'' || align="center" | ? || = 'you' (plural) || ''’attèm; ’attēn'' |- | 3rd person || align="center" | '' '''H’''' (hū, ū)'' || align="center" | '' '''H’, HY''' (hī)'' || = 'he, she' || ''hū; hī'' || colspan="2" align="center" | '' '''HMT''' (hēmat?)'' || = 'they' || ''hēmmā(h); hēnnā(h)'' |} When used as a direct or indirect object ('me, him', 'to me, to him') or as a possessive ('mine, his') the personal pronoun takes the form of a suffix. These suffixes can be combined with verbal forms, substantives, and paricles. Examples: : '' '''ḤN''' (ḥan)'' = (verb:) 'he has shown favor' → :: '' '''ḤN’''' (ḥannō)'' = 'he has shown favor to him (-ō)' = proper name [[Hanno I the Great|Hanno]] :: '' '''ḤNYB‘L''' (ḥannī ba‘al)'' = (verb:) 'Ba‘al has shown favor to me (-ī)' = proper name [[Hannibal]] : '' '''BN''' (bin)'' = 'son' → :: '' '''BN’, BNY''' (binō)'' = 'his son' : '' '''’T''' (’et)'' = 'with' (preposition) → :: '' '''’TY''' (’ittī)'' = 'together with me' The paradigm for the suffixed personal pronouns is:<ref>Krahmalkov (2001), pp. 50-74.</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+ |- ! colspan="2" | !! colspan="4" | Singular !! colspan="4" | Plural |- | colspan="2" | || align="center" | '''masculine''' || align="center" | '''feminine''' || || (cf. Hebrew:) || align="center" | '''masculine''' || align="center" | '''feminine''' || || (cf. Hebrew:) |- | rowspan="2" | 1st person || (possessive) || colspan="2" align="center" | '' '''-Y''' (-ī)'' || = 'mine' || ''-ī'' || rowspan="2" colspan="2" align="center" | '' '''-N''' (-en, -on)'' || rowspan="2" | = 'us, our' || rowspan="2" | ''-nû'' |- | (object) || colspan="2" align="center" | '' '''-NY''' (-ni)'' || = 'me' || ''-ni'' |- | colspan="2" | 2nd person || align="center" | '' '''-K, -K’''' (-ka)'' || align="center" | '' '''-KY, -K''' (-kī)'' || = '(to) you, your' (singular) || ''-ka; -k'' || align="center" | '' '''-KM''' (-kom)'' || align="center" | ''?'' || = '(to) you, your' (plural) || ''-kem'' |- | colspan="2" rowspan="3" | 3rd person || align="center" | '' '''-’, -‘, -‘’''' (-o);<br>'''-'''Ø''', -Y, -Y’''' (-yo)'' || align="center" | '' '''-’, -‘, -‘’''' (-a); <br>''' -Y‘''' (-ya)'' || rowspan="3" | = 'him, his; her' || ''-o; -āh'' || align="center" | '' '''-M''' (-om);'' || align="center" | '' '''-M''' (-am)'' || rowspan="3" | = 'them, their' || rowspan="3" | ''-ām, -ēm; -ān'' |- | align="center" | '' '''-'''Ø''', -Y, -’, -’Y''' <br>(-i)'' [< ''-ih(u)''] || align="center" | '' '''-Y''' (-i)'' || ''-hu; -hā'' || rowspan="2" align="center" | '' '''-NM, -N’M, -NHM''' <br>(-nom)'' |- | align="center" | '' '''-M''' (-im)'' || align="center" | || — |} ==== Relative pronoun ==== The relative pronoun, 'who, that, which', in both Punic and Neo-Punic is’ '''''Š ('''’īs''). In late Neo-Punic ''' ''M’'' ''' (''mū'') (originally an interrogative pronoun, 'what?') emerged as a second relative pronoun. Both pronouns were not inflected. The combination ''' ''’Š M’'' ''' (''’īs mū'') was also used in late Neo-Punic.<ref>Krahmalkov (2001), pp. 93-103, 110-111.</ref> ==== Determinative pronoun ==== A pronoun '''''Š- ('''si-'') was used to express an indirect genitival relationship between two substantives; it can be translated as 'of'. This uninflected pronoun was prefixed to the second of the two substantives.<ref>Krahmalkov (2001), pp. 103-107.</ref> Example: : '''''HKHNT ŠRBTN''''' (''ha-kohènet si-Rabat-ēn''), 'the priestess of our Lady' ==== Interrogative pronoun ==== There are two interrogative pronouns:<ref>Krahmalkov (2001), pp. 108-111.</ref> : '' '''MY''' (mī)'', 'who?' (cf. Hebrew ''mī'') : '' '''M’''' (mū)'', 'what?' (cf. Hebrew ''māh''). In Neo-Punic this pronoun is also used as a relative pronoun, 'that, which'.<ref>Krahmalkov (2001), pp. 110-111.</ref> Neither of the two pronouns was inflected. ==== Indefinite pronoun ==== In Punic and Neo-Punic there was no exclusive indefinite pronoun. Whenever such a pronoun might be needed, it was circumscribed by means of words like '' '''’ḤD''' (’ḥḥad)'', 'one', '' '''’Š''' (’īs)'' or '' '''’DM''' (’adom)'', 'a man, a person', or '' '''KL''' (kil)'', 'all'.<ref>Krahmalkov (2001), pp. 115-119.</ref>
Edit summary
(Briefly describe your changes)
By publishing changes, you agree to the
Terms of Use
, and you irrevocably agree to release your contribution under the
CC BY-SA 4.0 License
and the
GFDL
. You agree that a hyperlink or URL is sufficient attribution under the Creative Commons license.
Cancel
Editing help
(opens in new window)