Editing Rhythm and blues (section)

==British rhythm and blues==
{{Main|British rhythm and blues}}
[[File:Eric Burdon & the Animals.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Eric Burdon]] & [[the Animals]] (1964)]]
British rhythm and blues and blues rock developed in the early 1960s, largely as a response to the recordings of American artists, often brought over by African American servicemen stationed in Britain or seamen visiting ports such as London, Liverpool, Newcastle and Belfast.<ref>R. F. Schwartz, ''How Britain Got the Blues: the Transmission and Reception of American Blues Style in the United Kingdom'' (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2007), {{ISBN|0-7546-5580-6}}, p. 28.</ref>{{sfn |Gilliland |1969 |loc=show 27}} Many bands, particularly in the developing London club scene, tried to emulate black rhythm and blues performers, resulting in a "rawer" or "grittier" sound than the more popular "[[beat music|beat groups]]".<ref name=Bogdanov2002BritishR&B>V. Bogdanov, C. Woodstra and S. T. Erlewine, ''All Music Guide to Rock: the Definitive Guide to Rock, Pop, and Soul'' (Milwaukee, WI: Backbeat Books, 3rd edn., 2002), {{ISBN|0-87930-653-X}}, pp. 1315–1316.</ref> During the 1960s, [[Geno Washington]], [[the Foundations]], and [[the Equals]] gained pop hits.<ref>{{cite web|author=John Bush |url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/the-equals-mn0000056833/biography |title=The Equals &#124; Biography |website=[[AllMusic]] | access-date=November 11, 2021}}</ref> Many British black musicians helped form the British R&B scene. These included [[Geno Washington]], an American singer stationed in England with the Air Force. He was invited to join what became [[Geno Washington & the Ram Jam Band]] by guitarist [[Pete Gage (guitarist)|Pete Gage]] in 1965 and enjoyed top 40 hit singles and two top 10 albums before the band split up in 1969.<ref>J. Bush, [{{AllMusic|class=artist|id=p21332|pure_url=yes}} "Geno Washington"], ''Allmusic''. Retrieved July 29, 2020.</ref> Another American [[G.I. (military)|GI]], [[Jimmy James (singer)|Jimmy James]], born in Jamaica, moved to London after two local number one hits in 1960 with The Vagabonds, who built a strong reputation as a live act. They released a live album and their studio debut, ''The New Religion,'' in 1966 and achieved moderate success with a few singles before the original Vagabonds broke up in 1970.<ref>A. Hamilton, [{{AllMusic |class=artist |id=p18483 |pure_url=yes}} "Jimmy James"], ''Allmusic''. Retrieved July 29, 2020.</ref> White [[blues rock]] musician [[Alexis Korner]] formed new jazz rock band CCS in 1970.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/alexis-korner-mn0000001020|title=Alexis Korner – Biography, Albums, Streaming Links|website=[[AllMusic]]|access-date=June 29, 2019|archive-date=February 7, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207124329/https://www.allmusic.com/artist/alexis-korner-mn0000001020|url-status=live}}</ref> Interest in the blues would influence major British rock musicians, including [[Eric Clapton]], [[Mick Taylor]], [[Peter Green (musician)|Peter Green]], and [[John Mayall]], the groups Free and [[Cream (band)|Cream]] adopted an interest in a wider range of rhythm and blues styles.<ref name=Bogdanov2002BritishR&B/>

[[File:Steve Windwood toy2, Hangout Music Festival 2012.jpg|thumb|[[Steve Winwood]] is known for his influential R&B work with the [[Spencer Davis Group]] and [[Traffic (band)|Traffic]].]]

The Rolling Stones became the second most popular UK band (after [[the Beatles]]){{sfn |Gilliland |1969 |loc=show 30}} and led the "[[British Invasion]]" of the US pop charts.<ref name=Bogdanov2002BritishR&B/> The Rolling Stones covered [[Bobby Womack]] & the Valentinos'<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/the-valentinos-mn0000572313|title=The Valentinos – Biography, Albums, Streaming Links|website=[[AllMusic]]|access-date=June 29, 2019|archive-date=February 26, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226044032/https://www.allmusic.com/artist/the-valentinos-mn0000572313|url-status=live}}</ref> song "[[It's All Over Now]]", giving them their first UK number one in 1964.<ref name="rollingwithp137">Bill Wyman, ''Rolling With the Stones'' (DK Publishing, 2002), {{ISBN|0-7894-9998-3}}, p. 137</ref> Under the influence of blues and R&B, bands such as the Rolling Stones, the [[The Yardbirds|Yardbirds]], and the Animals, and more jazz-influenced bands like the Graham Bond Organisation and [[Zoot Money]], had blue-eyed soul albums.<ref name=Bogdanov2002BritishR&B/> White R&B musicians popular in the UK included [[Steve Winwood]], Frankie Miller, Scott Walker & [[the Walker Brothers]], the Animals from Newcastle,{{Sfn |Gilliland |1969 |loc=show 29, track 3}} the [[Spencer Davis Group]], and [[Van Morrison]] & [[Them (band)|Them]] from Belfast.<ref name=Bogdanov2002BritishR&B/> None of these bands exclusively played rhythm and blues, but it remained at the core of their early albums.<ref name=Bogdanov2002BritishR&B/>

[[Champion Jack Dupree]] was a [[New Orleans blues]] and [[boogie woogie]] pianist who toured Europe and settled there from 1960, living in Switzerland and Denmark, then in [[Halifax, West Yorkshire|Halifax]], England, in the 1970s and 1980s, before finally settling in Germany.<ref>T. Russell, ''The Blues: From Robert Johnson to Robert Cray'' (London: Carlton, 1997), {{ISBN|1-85868-255-X}}</ref> [[Average White Band]] and [[Ian Dury]] released funky singles. From the 1970s to 1980s, [[Carl Douglas]], [[Hot Chocolate]], Delegation, Junior, Central Line, Princess, Jaki Graham, [[Loose Ends (band)|Loose Ends]], the Pasadenas [[Ruby Turner]], and [[Soul II Soul]] gained hits on the pop or R&B charts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/25085/soul-ii-soul/|title=UK Charts » Soul II Soul|publisher=[[Official Charts Company]]| access-date=November 11, 2021}}</ref> UK R&B acts who gained success during the 1990s include [[Mark Morrison]], [[Eternal (group)|Eternal]], the Chimes, [[Carleen Anderson]], [[D'Influence]], Nu Colourz, Omar, and Bryan Powell.<ref>[https://soundbetter.com/profiles/137647-bryan-j-powell Bryan J. Powell] soundbetter.com Retrieved 26 March 2025</ref> The music of the British [[Mod (subculture)|mod subculture]] grew out of rhythm and blues and later soul performed by artists who were not available to the small London clubs where the scene originated.<ref name=Bogdanov2002Mod>V. Bogdanov, C. Woodstra and S. T. Erlewine, ''All Music Guide to Rock: the Definitive Guide to Rock, Pop, and Soul'' (Milwaukee, WI: Backbeat Books, 3rd edn., 2002), {{ISBN|0-87930-653-X}}, pp. 1321–1322.</ref> In the late 1960s, [[the Who]] performed American R&B songs such as the Motown hit "[[Heat Wave (1963 song)|Heat Wave]]", a song which reflected the young mod lifestyle.<ref name=Bogdanov2002Mod/> Many of these bands enjoyed national success in the UK, but found it difficult to break into the American music market.<ref name=Bogdanov2002Mod/> The British white R&B bands produced music which was very different in tone from that of African-American artists.<ref name=Bogdanov2002BritishR&B/>