Editing Slag (section)

==== Emerging applications ====
Slags have one of the highest carbonation potential among the industrial alkaline waste due their high calcium oxide and magnesium oxide content, inspiring further studies to test its feasibility in {{chem2|CO2}} capture and storage ([[CCS and climate change mitigation|CCS]]) methods (e.g., direct aqueous sequestration, dry gas-solid carbonation among others).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Doucet|first=Frédéric J.|date=2010-02-01|title=Effective CO2-specific sequestration capacity of steel slags and variability in their leaching behaviour in view of industrial mineral carbonation|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0892687509002313|journal=[[Minerals Engineering]]|series=Special issue: Sustainability, Resource Conservation & Recycling|language=en|volume=23|issue=3|pages=262–269|doi=10.1016/j.mineng.2009.09.006|issn=0892-6875}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Romanov|first1=Vyacheslav|last2=Soong|first2=Yee|last3=Carney|first3=Casey|last4=Rush|first4=Gilbert E.|last5=Nielsen|first5=Benjamin|last6=O'Connor|first6=William|date=2015|title=Mineralization of Carbon Dioxide: A Literature Review|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/cben.201500002|journal=ChemBioEng Reviews|language=en|volume=2|issue=4|pages=231–256|doi=10.1002/cben.201500002|osti=1187926|issn=2196-9744}}</ref> Across these CCS methods, slags can be transformed into [[precipitated calcium carbonate]]s to be used in the plastic, and concrete industries and [[Leaching (chemistry)|leached]] for metals to be used in the electronic industries.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ragipani|first1=Raghavendra|last2=Bhattacharya|first2=Sankar|last3=Suresh|first3=Akkihebbal K.|date=2021|title=A review on steel slag valorisation via mineral carbonation|url=http://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=D1RE00035G|journal=Reaction Chemistry & Engineering|language=en|volume=6|issue=7|pages=1152–1178|doi=10.1039/D1RE00035G|s2cid=236390725|issn=2058-9883}}</ref>

However, high physical and chemical variability across different types of slags results in performance and yield inconsistencies.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Brand|first1=Alexander S.|last2=Fanijo|first2=Ebenezer O.|date=2020-11-19|title=A Review of the Influence of Steel Furnace Slag Type on the Properties of Cementitious Composites|journal=[[Applied Sciences]]|language=en|volume=10|issue=22|pages=8210|doi=10.3390/app10228210|issn=2076-3417|doi-access=free|hdl=10919/100961|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Moreover, [[stoichiometric]]-based calculation of the carbonation potential can lead to overestimation that can further obfuscate the material's true potential.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1956|title=Some Effects of Carbon Dioxide on Mortars and Concrete|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.14359/11515|journal=ACI Journal Proceedings|volume=53|issue=9|doi=10.14359/11515|issn=0002-8061}}</ref> To this end, some have proposed performing a series of experiments testing the reactivity of a specific slag material (i.e., [[Solvation|dissolution]]) or using the [[Rigidity theory (physics)|topological constraint theory]] (TCT) to account for its complex chemical network.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=La Plante|first1=Erika Callagon|last2=Mehdipour|first2=Iman|last3=Shortt|first3=Ian|last4=Yang|first4=Kai|last5=Simonetti|first5=Dante|last6=Bauchy|first6=Mathieu|last7=Sant|first7=Gaurav N.|date=2021-08-16|title=Controls on CO2 Mineralization Using Natural and Industrial Alkaline Solids under Ambient Conditions|url=https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.1c00838|journal=ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering|volume=9|issue=32|pages=10727–10739|doi=10.1021/acssuschemeng.1c00838|s2cid=238670674}}</ref>