Editing Sleepwalking (section)

==History==
Sleepwalking has attracted a sense of mystery, but was not seriously investigated and diagnosed until the 19th century. The German chemist and parapsychologist [[Baron Karl Ludwig von Reichenbach]] (1788–1869) made extensive studies of sleepwalkers and used his discoveries to formulate his theory of the [[Odic force]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kushida|first=Clete A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9UCAMTE7FZgC|title=Encyclopedia of Sleep|pages=154–155|date=30 December 2012|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=9780123786111|oclc=1033861556|language=en}}</ref>

Sleepwalking was initially thought to be a dreamer acting out a dream.<ref name="Sleep Disorders Sourcebook" /> For example, in one study published by the Society for Science & the Public in 1954, this was the conclusion: "Repression of hostile feelings against the father caused the patients to react by acting out in a dream world with sleepwalking, the distorted fantasies they had about all authoritarian figures, such as fathers, officers and stern superiors."<ref name="The Science News-Letter">Society for Science & the Public. "Sleepwalking Cause." ''The Science News-Letter''. 27 February 1954: 132.</ref> This same group published an article twelve years later with a new conclusion: "Sleepwalking, contrary to most belief, apparently has little to do with dreaming. In fact, it occurs when the sleeper is enjoying his most oblivious, deepest sleep—a stage in which dreams are not usually reported."<ref name="The Science News-Letter 2">Society for Science & the Public. "Sleepwalker Not Dreaming." ''The Science News-Letter'', 25 June 1966: 508</ref> More recent research has discovered that sleepwalking is actually a disorder of [[NREM]] (non-rapid eye movement) arousal.<ref name="Sleep Disorders Sourcebook" /> Acting out a dream is the basis for a [[Rapid eye movement sleep|REM]] (rapid eye movement) sleep disorder called [[REM Behavior Disorder]] (or REM Sleep Behavior Disorder).<ref name="Sleep Disorders Sourcebook" /> More accurate data about sleep is due to the invention of technologies, such as the electroencephalogram ([[EEG]]) by Hans Berger in 1924<ref name="Electroencephalogram">{{Cite journal|last1=Magiorkinis|first1=Emmanouil|last2=Diamantis|first2=Aristidis|last3=Sidiropoulou|first3=Kalliopi|last4=Panteliadis|first4=Christos|date=24 August 2014|title=Highights in the History of Epilepsy: The Last 200 Years|journal=Epilepsy Research and Treatment|language=en|volume=2014|pages=e582039|doi=10.1155/2014/582039|pmid=25210626|pmc=4158257|issn=2090-1348|doi-access=free}}</ref> and [[Neuroimaging|BEAM]] by Frank Duffy in the early 1980s.<ref>{{Cite web|title=History of the Scientific Standards of QEEG Normative Databases|url=https://www.appliedneuroscience.com/PDFs/History_of_QEEG_Databases.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218091754/https://www.appliedneuroscience.com/PDFs/History_of_QEEG_Databases.pdf|archive-date=18 February 2022}}</ref>

In 1907, [[Sigmund Freud]] spoke about sleepwalking to the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society (Nunberg and Federn). He believed that sleepwalking was connected to fulfilling sexual wishes and was surprised that a person could move without interrupting their dream. At that time, Freud suggested that the essence of this phenomenon was the desire to go to sleep in the same area as the individual had slept in childhood. Ten years later, he speculated about somnambulism in the article "A Metapsychological Supplement to the Theory of Dreams" (1916–17 [1915]). In this essay, he clarified and expanded his hypothetical ideas on dreams. He described the dream as a fragile equilibrium that is destabilized by the repressed unconscious impulses of the unconscious system, which does not obey the wishes of the ego. Certain preconscious daytime thoughts can be resistant and these can retain a part of their [[cathexis]] as well. Unconscious impulses and day residues can come together and result in a conflict. Freud then wondered about the outcome of this wishful impulse: an unconscious instinctual demand that becomes a dream wish in the preconscious. Freud stated that this unconscious impulse could be expressed as mobility during sleep. This would be what is observed in somnambulism, though what actually makes it possible remains unknown.<ref name= "Somnambulism" >{{cite web|url=https://www.enotes.com/psychoanalysis-encyclopedia/somnambulism|title=Somnambulism|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922100225/https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/what-somnambulism-469014|archive-date=22 September 2020|publisher= International Dictionary of Psychoanalysis|year=2005}}</ref>

As of 2002, sleepwalking has not been detected in non-human primates.
It is unclear whether it simply has not been observed yet, or whether sleepwalking is a uniquely human phenomenon.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kantha|first=S. S.|date=28 November 2003|title=Is somnambulism a distinct disorder of humans and not seen in non-human primates?|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14592779/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218104625/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14592779/|archive-date=18 February 2022|journal=Medical Hypotheses|volume=61|issue=5–6|pages=517–518|doi=10.1016/s0306-9877(03)00206-8|issn=0306-9877|pmid=14592779}}</ref>