Editing Standardization (section)

===Environmental protection===
{{See also|Import|Eco-tariff|Subsidy|Environmental impact assessment|#Ergonomics, workplace and health|Air quality index}}
[[Sustainability standards and certification|Standardized product certifications]] such as of [[organic food]], [[green building|buildings]] or [[Sustainable seafood advisory lists and certification|possibly sustainable seafood]] as well as standardized product safety evaluation and dis/approval procedures (e.g. [[regulation of chemicals]], [[Ingredients of cosmetics#Regulation|cosmetics]] and [[food safety]]) can protect the environment.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Milder |first1=Jeffrey C. |last2=Arbuthnot |first2=Margaret |last3=Blackman |first3=Allen |last4=Brooks |first4=Sharon E. |last5=Giovannucci |first5=Daniele |last6=Gross |first6=Lee |last7=Kennedy |first7=Elizabeth T. |last8=Komives |first8=Kristin |last9=Lambin |first9=Eric F. |last10=Lee |first10=Audrey |last11=Meyer |first11=Daniel |last12=Newton |first12=Peter |last13=Phalan |first13=Ben |last14=Schroth |first14=Götz |last15=Semroc |first15=Bambi |last16=Rikxoort |first16=Henk Van |last17=Zrust |first17=Michal |title=An agenda for assessing and improving conservation impacts of sustainability standards in tropical agriculture |journal=Conservation Biology |date=2015 |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=309–320 |doi=10.1111/cobi.12411 |pmid=25363833 |bibcode=2015ConBi..29..309M |hdl=2027.42/110892 |s2cid=31054459 |language=es |issn=1523-1739|hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tayleur |first1=Catherine |last2=Balmford |first2=Andrew |last3=Buchanan |first3=Graeme M. |last4=Butchart |first4=Stuart H. M. |last5=Ducharme |first5=Heather |last6=Green |first6=Rhys E. |last7=Milder |first7=Jeffrey C. |last8=Sanderson |first8=Fiona J. |last9=Thomas |first9=David H. L. |last10=Vickery |first10=Juliet |last11=Phalan |first11=Ben |title=Global Coverage of Agricultural Sustainability Standards, and Their Role in Conserving Biodiversity |journal=Conservation Letters |date=2017 |volume=10 |issue=5 |pages=610–618 |doi=10.1111/conl.12314 |bibcode=2017ConL...10..610T |s2cid=88591488 |language=en |issn=1755-263X|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Schmitz-Hoffmann |first1=Carsten |last2=Hansmann |first2=Berthold |last3=Klose |first3=Sophie |title=Voluntary Standard Systems |chapter=Voluntary Sustainability Standards: Measuring Their Impact |series=Natural Resource Management in Transition |date=2014 |volume=1 |pages=133–143 |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-35716-9_9 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-642-35715-2 |language=en}}</ref> This effect may depend on associated modified [[consumer choice]]s, strategic product support/obstruction, requirements and bans as well as their accordance with a scientific basis, the robustness and applicability of a scientific basis, whether adoption of the certifications is voluntary, and the socioeconomic context (systems of [[governance]] and the [[economic system|economy]]), with possibly most certifications being so far mostly largely ineffective.<ref>{{cite web |title=Destruction: Certified |url=https://www.greenpeace.org/international/publication/46812/destruction-certified/ |website=Greenpeace International |access-date=25 October 2021 |language=en |archive-date=22 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022100615/https://www.greenpeace.org/international/publication/46812/destruction-certified/ |url-status=live }}</ref>{{additional citation needed|date=October 2021}}

Moreover, standardized scientific frameworks can enable evaluation of levels of [[environmental protection]], such as of [[marine protected area]]s, and serve as, potentially evolving, guides for improving, planning and monitoring the protection-quality, -scopes and -extents.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Grorud-Colvert |first1=Kirsten |last2=Sullivan-Stack |first2=Jenna |last3=Roberts |first3=Callum |last4=Constant |first4=Vanessa |last5=Horta e Costa |first5=Barbara |last6=Pike |first6=Elizabeth P. |last7=Kingston |first7=Naomi |last8=Laffoley |first8=Dan |last9=Sala |first9=Enric |last10=Claudet |first10=Joachim |last11=Friedlander |first11=Alan M. |last12=Gill |first12=David A. |last13=Lester |first13=Sarah E. |last14=Day |first14=Jon C. |last15=Gonçalves |first15=Emanuel J. |last16=Ahmadia |first16=Gabby N. |last17=Rand |first17=Matt |last18=Villagomez |first18=Angelo |last19=Ban |first19=Natalie C. |last20=Gurney |first20=Georgina G. |last21=Spalding |first21=Ana K. |last22=Bennett |first22=Nathan J. |last23=Briggs |first23=Johnny |last24=Morgan |first24=Lance E. |last25=Moffitt |first25=Russell |last26=Deguignet |first26=Marine |last27=Pikitch |first27=Ellen K. |last28=Darling |first28=Emily S. |last29=Jessen |first29=Sabine |last30=Hameed |first30=Sarah O. |last31=Di Carlo |first31=Giuseppe |last32=Guidetti |first32=Paolo |last33=Harris |first33=Jean M. |last34=Torre |first34=Jorge |last35=Kizilkaya |first35=Zafer |last36=Agardy |first36=Tundi |last37=Cury |first37=Philippe |last38=Shah |first38=Nirmal J. |last39=Sack |first39=Karen |last40=Cao |first40=Ling |last41=Fernandez |first41=Miriam |last42=Lubchenco |first42=Jane |title=The MPA Guide: A framework to achieve global goals for the ocean |journal=Science |year=2021 |volume=373 |issue=6560 |pages=eabf0861 |doi=10.1126/science.abf0861|pmid=34516798 |s2cid=237473020 |url=https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00723/83464/88455.pdf }}</ref> 

Moreover, technical standards could decrease [[electronic waste]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Apple opposes EU plans to make common charger port for all devices |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/sep/23/apple-opposes-eu-plans-to-make-common-charger-port-for-all-devices |access-date=19 October 2021 |work=The Guardian |date=23 September 2021 |language=en |archive-date=18 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211018140109/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/sep/23/apple-opposes-eu-plans-to-make-common-charger-port-for-all-devices |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Peltier |first1=Elian |title=In a setback for Apple, the European Union seeks a common charger for all phones. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/23/business/european-union-apple-charging-port.html |access-date=19 October 2021 |work=The New York Times |date=23 September 2021 |archive-date=10 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220910202629/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/23/business/european-union-apple-charging-port.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=One common charging solution for all |url=https://ec.europa.eu/growth/sectors/electrical-engineering/red-directive/common-charger_en |website=Internal Market, Industry, Entrepreneurship and SMEs - European Commission |access-date=19 October 2021 |language=en |date=5 July 2016 |archive-date=19 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019205753/https://ec.europa.eu/growth/sectors/electrical-engineering/red-directive/common-charger_en |url-status=live }}</ref> and reduce resource-needs such as by thereby requiring (or enabling) products to be [[interoperability|interoperable]], compatible (with other products, infrastructures, environments, etc), [[sustainable design|durable]], [[energy efficiency (physics)|energy-efficient]], [[modularity|modular]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schischke |first1=Karsten |last2=Proske |first2=Marina |last3=Nissen |first3=Nils F. |last4=Lang |first4=Klaus-Dieter |title=2016 Electronics Goes Green 2016+ (EGG) |chapter=Modular products: Smartphone design from a circular economy perspective |date=September 2016 |pages=1–8 |doi=10.1109/EGG.2016.7829810 |s2cid=23852368 |chapter-url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7829810}}</ref> [[upgradeability|upgradeable]]/[[repairability|repairable]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Want to save the Earth? Then don't buy that shiny new iPhone {{!}} John Naughton |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/sep/18/want-to-save-the-earth-then-dont-buy-that-shiny-new-iphone |work=The Guardian |access-date=27 October 2021 |language=en |date=18 September 2021}}</ref> and [[recyclability|recyclable]] and conform to versatile, optimal standards and protocols.

Such standardization is not limited to the domain of electronic devices like smartphones and phone chargers but could also be applied to e.g. the energy infrastructure. [[Policy making|Policy-makers could develop]] policies "fostering standard design and interfaces, and promoting the re-use of modules and components across plants to develop more sustainable [[energy infrastructure]]".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mignacca |first1=Benito |last2=Locatelli |first2=Giorgio |last3=Velenturf |first3=Anne |title=Modularisation as enabler of circular economy in energy infrastructure |journal=Energy Policy |date=1 April 2020 |volume=139 |pages=111371 |doi=10.1016/j.enpol.2020.111371 |s2cid=213705461 |language=en |issn=0301-4215|doi-access=free |bibcode=2020EnPol.13911371M |hdl=11311/1204921 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Computers and the Internet are some of the tools that could be used to increase practicability and reduce suboptimal results, detrimental standards and [[bureaucracy]], which is often associated with traditional processes and results of standardization.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ho |first1=Alfred Tat-Kei |title=Reinventing Local Governments and the E-Government Initiative |journal=Public Administration Review |date=2002 |volume=62 |issue=4 |pages=434–444 |doi=10.1111/0033-3352.00197 |language=en |issn=1540-6210}}</ref> Taxes and subsidies, and funding of research and development could be used complementarily.<ref>{{cite web |title=Circular by design – Products in the circular economy |url=https://circulareconomy.europa.eu/platform/sites/default/files/circular_by_design_-_products_in_the_circular_economy.pdf |access-date=27 October 2021}}</ref> Standardized measurement is used in monitoring, reporting and verification frameworks of environmental impacts, usually of companies, for example to prevent underreporting of greenhouse gas emissions by firms.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Downar |first1=Benedikt |last2=Ernstberger |first2=Jürgen |last3=Reichelstein |first3=Stefan |last4=Schwenen |first4=Sebastian |last5=Zaklan |first5=Aleksandar |title=The impact of carbon disclosure mandates on emissions and financial operating performance |journal=Review of Accounting Studies |date=1 September 2021 |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=1137–1175 |doi=10.1007/s11142-021-09611-x |s2cid=220061770 |language=en |issn=1573-7136|doi-access=free |hdl=10419/266352 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>